University of SulaimaniaSchool of ScienceDepartment of Biology2nd Class Year

19th Lab. Pterygotes - Neopteran Insects:

Orders Dermaptera, Phasmida and Isoptera

Lecturer: Farhad A. Khudhur

Objectives:

this lecture gives knowledge about insects groups Earwigs, leaf-like and stick-like insects and termites in the orders Dermaptera, Phasmida and Isoptera, respectively. Their classifications and identification keys. Focusing on termites, the economically and ecologically important insects, and their social life.

Scientific content: •Order Dermaptera (Earwigs)•Order: Phasmida (leaf-like and stick-like insects)•Order: Isoptera (Termites)•True Social life in termite colonies

Order: DermapteraEarwigs

Order Phasmida is divided into two families:Family: PHYLLIIDAE (leaf insects) Family: PHASMATIDAE (stick insects).

Family: Phylliidae (leaf-like insects)

Family: Phasmatidae (stick-like insects)

Have Flattened & leaf-like body

Possess elongate & cylindrical body

Winged, the forewings are reduced & sclerotised, the hindwings are membranous.

They often apterous (wingless)

With lamellate expansions of the legs

Without lamellate expansions of the legs

Order Isoptera

- Termites or White Ants- True Social Insects - Castes:

- Primary Reproductives (King and Queen)- Secondary Reprodutives- Soldiers - Workers- Imatures

References:

• David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2004). General and Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. 1184 p.

• Elzinga, Richard J. (1997). Fundamentals of Entomology. 4th ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 475 pp.

• Gillot, Cedric. (2005). Entomology. 3rd ed. Springer, Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 831 pp.

• Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison,

• Markle, Sandra. (2008). Termites: hardworking insect families. Minneapolis, USA. Lerner Publications Company. 48 p.

• Resh, Vincent H. & Cardé, Ring T. (2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. USA. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1266 pp.