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Geneticists group Cloning

Human cloning

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Work done by students under the project Connecting Classrooms on January 2012. Escola Secundária da Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal.

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Page 1: Human cloning

Geneticists group

Cloning

Page 2: Human cloning

WHAT EXACTLY IS CLONING?

Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that

every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!

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The types of cloning

Hybrid cloning Therapeutic cloning Reproductive cloning

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HOW IS CLONING DONE?

How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo

twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.

How do these processes differ?

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Artificial Embryo Twinning

Artificial embryo twinning is the relatively low-tech version of cloning. As the name

suggests, this technology mimics the natural process of creating identical twins.

Artificial Process Video

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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Somatic cell nuclear transfer, (SCNT) uses a different approach than artificial embryo twinning, but it produces the same result: an exact clone, or genetic copy, of an individual. This was the method used to create Dolly the Sheep.

Somatic Process Video

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AdVantages and Disadvantages

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History of cloning in mammals

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Dolly the sheep Herd of mice Cat (CC)

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DEGREE OF AGING

One risk of cloning is that the cells of the clone can aging faster than the normal persons

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IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH INTO CLONING

It is important that we continue to investigate this area to improve the technique and reduce the risks

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Current and potential embryonic stem cell problems:

No current clinical treatments

Few successes in animal models

Difficulty in obtaining pure cultures in the dish

Questions regarding functional differentiation

Difficult to establish and maintain

Problem of immune rejection

Potential for tumor formation and tissue destruction

Genomic instability

Ethically contentious

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Current Clinical Uses of Adult Stem Cells

Cancersleukemias

Autoimmune diseasesAnemias

Bone deformitiesStroke

Parkinson’sSkin

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Kinship between clones and humans

This is a very relevant question.

There is indeed a relationship between the clone and original one. Since we are not facing a real

situation, it is not urgent to create a new concept that would fit this "relationship".

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http://www.scientificamerican.com/search/?q=human+cloning

www.humancloning.org

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/03/health_stem_cell_guide/html/5.stm

http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/153623002753632057

Google and Others

Bibliography

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Ana Isabel Silva António Pedro Cláudia Costa Filipa Rodrigues Marta Fernández

By

11ºA

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Fim da apresentação. Clique para sair.

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Reproductive Cloning|Adult dna cloning

Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an

animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal.

Human cloning also falls into this category.

e.g. identical twins

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Therapeutic Cloning

The purpose of therapeutic cloning is to extract the stem cells from the

embryos.

Stem cells can be used to treat heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and

various other diseases.

e.g. heart or even just a few cells

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Hybrid cloning

A clone has been made from this technique.

It was achieved using a cell from a man's leg and a cow's egg.

It is called hybrid because it uses 2 different power sources.

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Advantages1/Potential benefits to modern medicine

2/Helping infertile couples

3/Reverse the aging process

4/Protecting Endangered Species

5/ Improving food supply

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Disadvantages

1/The Element of Uncertainty

2/Inheriting diseases

3/The Potential for Abuse

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She was born on 5 july 1996.

She was cloned by Ian Wilmut and keith campbell in Scotland

Was the first mammal to be cloned

Died from a progressive lung disease

Dolly the sheep

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Herd of mice

The first cloned mammals was a mouse (named "Masha") in 1986, in the Soviet Union.

The cloning was done from an embryo cell.

The first mouse from adult cells, Cumulin, was born in 1997 at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa.

Over a dozen clones as of 2002.

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Cat (CC)

Was born in December 2001, scientists at Texas A&M University created

the first cloned cat, CC (CopyCat).