Integrated Transportation System for ‘Future’ 21st Century

Washington, DC

Prof. Sonya Smith

Prof. Grant Warner

Atiba Brereton

Matthew Clarke

Prof. David Smedley

Prof. Anthony McEachern

Tyrone Clemons

Nicolas Hunter

CIC - 2012-2013

• Problem Statement

• Current Public Transportation Options

• Proposed Solution Overview

• Background: Car-Sharing

• Pod Concept Layout

• Pod Dispensation System Design

• Station Placement and Volume

• Conclusion

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• Washington, DC was ranked number 1 in the United States in 2012: (Schrank et al. 2012) – Yearly delay per auto commuter

– Excess fuel per auto commuter

– Congestion cost per auto commuter

– Pounds of CO2 produced in congestion per auto commuter

• Design a more effective public transportation system for Washington, DC and its environs that: – Reduces traffic and congestion

– Increases the use of public transportation

– Reduces carbon emissions

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Metrorail

•Currently consists of five lines:

The Red, Blue, Green, Yellow

and Orange lines

Park and Ride

Bikeshare

Parking

Private vehicle

Walking

Metrobus

•Fleet consists of 1,480 buses

•Operates over 300 bus routes

•Services 12,216 stops

•Small effective range

•Affected by weather

conditions

•Exclusive to the able-bodied

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• Expand the Capitol Bikeshare Program to include pod cars and a dispensation system for them

• Factors affecting vehicle usage (Katzev 2003):

– Availability of vehicles, especially during rush-hour and weekends

– Distance to car share stations

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• In Europe, car-sharing had largely positive effects on users (Katzev 2003; Meijkamp 1999) – Private vehicle usage decreased by

as much as 33% fewer kilometers – Use of public transportation,

walking and cycling increased – Overall CO2 emissions were reduced

• In Japan and Singapore, car-sharing follows a different model (Barth et al. 2005) – Car-sharing of recent has been aimed toward

residential neighborhoods to promote carpooling (Singapore) and business fleets (Japan)

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Wheels

Seat

Battery

Electric motor

Hook port • Inspiration came from previous

GM projects: – Personal Urban Mobility and

Accessibility (PUMA) project (Anon 2009)

– Electric Networked Vehicle (EN-V) concepts (Anon 2011)

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Steering

• Compact in size to increase parking volume city-wide – Six (6) EN-Vs can fit in a standard American parking space

• Electric-only propulsion – Plug-in rechargeable

– Fast-charging

– Capable of a suitable range • PUMA range is 35 miles

• Able to maintain city-speeds – PUMA top-speed 35 mph

• Comfortable and safe for occupant

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Hook Charging Port

External Charging Port

Pod Car Carousel

Pod Rental Kiosk Pod Car

How it works: • User approaches

kiosk – Uses prepaid card

to access terminal – Selects a pod car

• Carousel rotates to release selected pod car

• Pod car autonomously exits secure structure

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Weather Protection Structure

Charging Port

• Alternative concept for dispensation system

• Concept incorporated into existing parking spaces

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Alternative

Charging Port

• Rod tested for failure due to bending – Diameter = 44.1 mm – Static point loads applied

at points of contact between pod car hooks and rod

• Hook tested for failure due to bending – Thickness = 34.2 mm – Static distributive load

applied to surface in contact with pod car

• Weight of pod car is taken from the heaviest of the GM EN-V concepts – Mass = 415 kg (Anon,

2010)

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Rod

Hook

41

5 k

g

41

5 k

g

41

5 k

g

Part Yield Strength (Mpa) Maximum Stress (Mpa) Factor of Safety

Rod 1178 (AISI Steel 4340) 375.61 3.136 (Pass)

Hook 129.57 (Steel) 33.07 3.918 (Pass)

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Fixed

Constraint at

ends

Fixed

Constraint

at hole

Distributive load

applied to this

surface One of three

point loads

applied

• Research in Seoul supported the use of smart card data as a reliable means of assessing commuter patterns (Park et al. 2008)

– Smartrip cards are currently used on both the Metrorail and Metrobus in Washington, DC

• The current locations of Bikeshare stations was also useful in identifying high-volume areas

– Bikeshare users may switch to Podshare during colder and hotter months

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Busiest Stations for Exiting Metrorail

AM Peak PM Peak

1 Farragut North Union Station

2 Farragut West Vienna

3 Metro Center Shady Grove

4 L’Enfant Plaza Pentagon City

5 Union Station Gallery Place

6 McPherson Square

West Falls Church

7 Gallery Place Dupont Circle

8 Foggy Bottom Pentagon

9 Pentagon Silver Spring

10 Rosslyn New Carrollton

0

9

8 7

6 5

4

3 2

1 1

2

3

4

5 6

7

8

9

0

LEGEND

AM Peak

PM Peak

• Areas of greatest bikeshare locations density: – Downtown

Washington, DC

– Arlington, Virginia

• Each bike station holds an average of 15-20 bicycles

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• The Washington, Capitol Bikeshare Program should be expanded to include pod cars and dispensation systems for them

– Pod cars and dispensation systems were designed to meet with the specifications outlined

– Smart card usage and bikeshare location data were used to identify ideal locations for and quantity of pod cars required

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Questions?

• Anon, 2009. 2009 GM and Segway Project PUMA. Available at: http://www.seriouswheels.com/cars/2009/top-2009-GM-and-Segway-Project-PUMA.htm [Accessed May 13, 2013].

• Anon, 2011. 2011 General Motors EN-V Concepts. Available at: http://www.seriouswheels.com/cars/2011/top-2011-General-Motors-EN-V-Concepts.htm [Accessed May 13, 2013].

• Anon, 2010. EN-V Concept Specification Sheet. Available at: http://media.gm.com/content/autoshows/Shanghai/2010/public/cn/en/env/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/cn/en/2010/March/env02.html [Accessed May 15, 2013].

• Barth, M. et al., 2005. Carsharing and Station Cars in Asia: An Overview of Japan and Singapore [eScholarship]. Available at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qw379rx#page-17 [Accessed June 2, 2013].

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• Katzev, R., 2003. Car sharing: A new approach to urban transportation problems. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), pp.65–86.

• Meijkamp, R., Changing consumer behaviour through eco-efficient services: an empirical study of car sharing in the Netherlands - Meijkamp - 1999 - Business Strategy and the Environment - Wiley Online Library. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0836(199809)7:4%3C234::AID-BSE159%3E3.0.CO;2-A/pdf [Accessed June 2, 2013].

• Park, J.Y., Kim, D.-J. & Lim, Y., 2008. Use of Smart Card Data to Define Public Transit Use in Seoul, South Korea. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2063(-1), pp.3–9.

• Schrank, D., Eisele, B. & Lomax, T., 2012. TTI’s 2012 URBAN MOBILITY REPORT. Available at: http://media.miamiherald.com/smedia/2013/02/04/18/40/K7J8w.So.56.pdf [Accessed June 2, 2013].

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• Dispensation System Sequence

• Simulation Set-up: Rod

• Simulation Set-up: Hook

• Future Design Considerations

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1. Customer approaches kiosk

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2. Customer utilizes kiosk to select vehicle

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3. Vehicle is dispensed from the system

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4. Customer and vehicle leave system

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Point load on rod from pod car

Fixed Constraint on edge of rod

• Material used

– AISI Steel 4340

• Point load

– Approximately 4071 N

• Type of mesh

– 3D Tetrahedral

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Distributive load on hook from pod car

Fixed Constraint on hole in hook

• Material used

– Steel

• Distributive load

– Approximately 4071 N

• Type of mesh

– 3D Tetrahedral

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• Increase in population • Increase in energy consumption • Increase in number of elderly, and forms of personal mobility assistance

required • Technological advances resulting in new iterations of personal transport,

classes of vehicles. • Climate change will adversely affect the district, prompting urgent and

strategic consideration of its aging infrastructure. Underground systems, such as the Metrorail, electrical, fuel, water and sewage will have to undergo change, restructuring or repurposing.

• Sustainable, environmentally-conscious development, and health considerations affecting the layout of district

• Technological development and functionality needs, but will also include the amalgam of archetypal styles and human influences from our past and our future up to that point. Consequently, future aesthetics will be varied in design and appropriate antiquity.

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