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A seminar given at the PARC Forum November 6, 1997
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HP Laboratories
ta:Research:HP Talks:W3 Structure:Tendenza.fm
0
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June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
How the Internet wdetermine the futurpublishing!
rdano Beretta
lett-Packard Laboratoriesging Technology Department1 Page Mill Roado Alto, CA 94303, USA
://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Giordano_Beretta/
HP Laboratories
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June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Outline
Printing from the WWW is hard
Printer markets
Terminology
The hotting of the Web
Historical perspective
Knowledge and structure
Software tool opportunities
Conclusions
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• edium
• formation
• o be the
best
in
• inked but
Wil I:
But ?She
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
The problem
World Wide Web is the hot new publication m
Paper is the best medium to present written in
To own the digital printing market you have tprinting information off the Web
Web printing is hard because Web pages are ldisconnected: poor structure
liam Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, act II, scene I, soft! what light through yonder Windows breaks speaks yet she says nothing: what of that?
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A s
• inting
•
• iewing
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Why printing on WWW is hardProblem
tarting point:
Web printing is hard because in traditional pr• the author decides contents, structure, and appearance
… while on the Web• the author decides contents and structure• the reader decides the appearance
Web designers optimize material for on-line v• high-concept design• attention grabber• multimedia• dynamic
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•
erpress (relief)rinters
•
•
tronix, Xerox, …
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Four printer markets
Commercial presses• offset lithography (planographic), gravure (intaglio), lett• web, sheet-fed, multicolored, arbitrary finishing, trade p• Heidelberg, Roland, Xeikon, Indigo, …
Enterprise (production) printing systems• Electrophotography, solid-ink jet• Scitex, Tektronix, Xerox, …
Department (workgroup) printers• Brother, Canon, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Lexmark, NEC, Tek
Individual (desktop) printers• Canon, Epson, Hewlett-Packard, Lexmark, NEC, …
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June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
PressFour printer markets
Typical performance: over 10,000 forms per ho
Requires high capital investment
Complex make-ready
Maximum flexibility
Optimal for long runs
USA: 4% of GNP
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June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
OutlookFour printer markets — Press
Direct to press
Pre-press will disappear
Shorter runs become viable
Personalized printing
Lowest cost per page
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June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Enterprise (production) printerFour printer markets
Typical performance: over 200 pages per minu
Medium capital investment
Run by trained operator
Application: print on demand
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1.D
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
OutlookFour printer markets — Enterprise
Combination with e-commerce canopen new markets
Copyright problem (branding, DOI1)
Challenges:• workflow• finishing• paper stock
igital Object Identifiers: electronic marking, system to track goods in digital commerce
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June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Department (workgroup) printFour printer markets
Typical performance: over 30 pages per minut
Low capital investment
Shared in a workgroup
Internet printing
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•
rarchy
•
ifferentiation
•
ding of drivers
•
/
tions and operating
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Internet printingFour printer markets — Department
Print to URL for document delivery• challenge: across firewalls, key management (CA), PKI hie
HTML queue status from URL• challenge: printer vendors customize HTML for product d
Web point and print• challenge: hot link in HTML view for automatic downloa
For more information see http://www.pwg.org• Printer Working Group — “make printers and the applica
systems supporting them work together better”
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• n on enterprise nks to Internet
•
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
OutlookFour printer markets — Department
Remote diagnostics and servicing now commoprinters will be standard on these printers tha• firewalls protect manufacturers from competitors
Driver and color management problems• Windows NT 5.0 will have better integrated drivers …• … and color management
Battlefield for market-share wars
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•
•
•
el I/O interface porttask
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Individual printersFour printer markets
Typical performance: over 2 pages per minute
Cost is typically expensed
On network, but for personal use• different from personal printer, which is local on a parall• several printers per household, use best printer for each • Hewlett-Packard JetSend technology
• Internet connection can be used for gathering marketing info
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•
•
•
• al
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Business modelFour printer markets — Individual
Many inexpensive printers• no margin on device, razor-blade model• profit on consumables
Idle most of the time• low volume use• obsolete before broken
Motivate users to print a lot• bundle project kits with printers• make project kits available over the Internet• how can consumer be enticed to use them?
Keep introducing new models with incrementimprovements
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•
• be solved
• lor
duction
daries
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
OutlookFour printer markets — Individual
Highest cost per page• source for lucrative consumable business• exploit vanity factor
Problems of printing HTML information must • cascading style sheets
End-users will not calibrate their devices for coreproduction• color fidelity is an oxymoron in this market segment• … yet Internet shopping requires predictable color repro• new concept: color integrity• exploit partial chromatic adaptation, respect name boun
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• hem at the
l
p
p
generalist
retribalizes
casually structured town
rustic
F.D.R.
war
aphorisms
non-literate culture
twist
cool jazz
cool
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
TerminologyMarshall McLuhan: media hot and cool
Mass media: everybody becomes involved in tsame time
hot coolow participation high participation
excludes includes
radio telephone
movie early TV
high definition low definition
honetic alphabet ideogrammatic chars
aper (for writing) stone
lecture seminar
book dialogue
glasses dark glasses
specialist
detribalizes
intensely filled-in city
city slicker
Calvin Coolidge
bomb scare
self help books
high literacy culture
waltz
hot jazz
hot
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l
nal
visionaries
f practicewledge network
ty
alue
k even
wer
quality
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Hot & cool marketsTerminology
Hot Cooconsumer professio
followers early adopters,
meme complex community oEKN—extended kno
brand management integri
entertainment value added v
charge what the market will bear try to brea
high-concept tool’s po
profits on quantity profits on
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• t medium
• l village
weaving a thread
Se nablersg, flexibility, bindery
e le sheets, e-commerce
de + XML + Javanowledge networks
i y consumables product cycles
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
The Web as a cool or a hot medTerminology
People will print because paper is a convenien
Traditional contents has no value in the globa• in the e-media the container is gone• copyrights protect an expression, not the idea• collections can be created on the fly from components by
gment Medium Key market Epress hot low per page cost customizin
nterprise hot print-on-demand cascading sty
partment cool community of practiceEKN
ODBstructure/k
ndividual hot consumer, conveniencevanity factor
fancrapid
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• r the market
•
•
Me ical pressures
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
The hotting-up of the WebMedia conglomerates
Maturity of Internet allows big players to entedirectly• no pioneer phase• very high entry price
Hybrid magazine/news-service/television• Web sites organized like TV channels• Web sites organized like magazines• same with TV tie-ins• ephemeral (paper as archiving medium)
High-concept designs• alliances with Hollywood, Digital Coast• buy contents in Multimedia Gulch & Silicon Alley
dia: amalgam of forms blurred under epistemolog
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•
• the advent of
sarily print wellpi
• ir style should
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
The appearance problemThe hotting-up of the Web
Designers work with space
15 years ago a similar problem occurred with WYSIWYG text editors:• a document that looks well on the screen does not neces• different fonts are more readable at 72 dpi than at 600 d• printed documents easy to browse by thumbing…• …on-line document easy to browse with nesting levels
Documents are frequently repurposed and thebe easy to modify with global operations
Solution: style sheets• Example: Tioga editor in Cedar
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•
•
• ssionals, like r, StyleMaker, Cascade,
•
• Style/css/
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Cascading style sheetsThe hotting-up of the Web
In-line style commands, no printing support
Formatting model: box oriented
Tools currently available mostly only for profeFrameMaker 5.5, Interactor 1.1, DreamWeaveSymposia doc+ 3.0, PageSpinner, Sheet Stylist,QuickSite 2.0
Most people’s browsers are pre-CSS
For more information see http://www.w3.org/
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• tent creators
•
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Future requirementsThe hotting-up of the Web — CSS
Support in major authoring tools for Web con
Specific support for various targets• fast or slow link view• PDA view• hard copy• read or browse• different environment capabilities• different audiences• …
Define concept of a page• positioning• isolated text (widows and orphans)• fonts
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•
•
•
• ubstitutablef things rather than
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Technology becomes invisibleThe hotting-up of the Web
Uniform Intel hardware architecture• PC’s are a commodity• affordable
Uniform software• Windows NT, CE, and 98 platforms• middleware / customized applications
Uniform Internet carrier infrastructure• Who will be the next Ma’ Bell?• Worldcom? British Telecom?
Systems have become a commodity: they are s• the accumulation of wealth will come from the naming o
the making of things
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23erty
•
• federal copyright
nse it to on-line blisher
• ng a thread
• with an idea
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Show stopper: intellectual propThe hotting-up of the Web
Concepts behind copyrights• Ideas and facts• Expression of ideas• Fair use
Copyright holder in a collective work• Tasini vs. New York Times (based on section 201 (c) of the
law)• author retains the rights to individual article and may lice
publisher without permission from or payment to the pu• Steve Lohr’s article in New York Times of August 14, 1997• http://www.nwu.org/nwu/tvt/tvtrule.htm
Collections can be created on the fly by weavi
Conclusion: What counts is what can be done
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• serverrcial profit without
a link to another
• u are?y giving authorities
ll members of society
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Show stopper: inlining, trustThe hotting-up of the Web
Inlining: include an image on somebody else’s• considered antisocial because contents is used for comme
establishing a formal relation• Georgia law (1996) requires explicit permission to include
site on a Web page
Trust: how can I know you are who you say yo• ID cards help solidifying strong society & good behavior b
ways for holding people accountable for their actions• identifications permit trust & commerce, which benefit a• digital certificates:
• who is the authority? • how do you enforce it?• only Georgia has a law
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25wledge
• that enriches
• wayfarer; the liance of the
• ose in brilliance
It is
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Show stopper: the value of knoThe hotting-up of the Web
Communicating knowledge is no longer a giftthe receiver without impoverishing the donor
Roman wayfarer lighted the torch of a fellowlatter’s torch shined without reducing the brilformer’s torch
Today, if I communicate my knowledge I will l
a rat race; even if you win you are just a rat
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•
• esf criminal abusers
re (PKI)
• ch document
• detected?visual appearance
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Web securityThe hotting-up of the Web
Transport with secure socket layer (SSL)
Identity: server and clients exchange certificat• Role of certificate authority (CA): allow the prosecution o
(a small minority)• Problem: building an international public key infrastructu
Signature: certified encrypted checksum of ea(one-way hashing)
Signature proves authenticity, how is forgery • current law practice: unauthorized document with same • trendy research: watermarking of images• copyright law does not require proof of mechanical copy
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• bal village
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Value of knowledgeThe hotting-up of the Web
There are no enforceable copyrights in the glo• Tasini vs. New York Times: publish early and publish often• http://www.nwu.org/nwu/tvt/tvtrule.htm
What counts is what can be done with an idea
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• grarian to
•
•
• t future
• nd count:
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Historical perspectiveThe industrial revolution
Traumatic social event in the transition from aindustrial civilization
Work on fixed schedule, including Mondays
Children are burden instead of asset
Dependence on industrialist, uncertainty abou
Industry needs workers that can read, write, aintroduction of the mandatory school system
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•
•
• indefinitely
•ds to boredom
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Søren KierkegaardHistorical perspective
Birth of the tabloid press in the 1850s• Hubert Dreyfus, UC Berkeley
Leveling of information• everybody is interested in everything• nothing is too trivial or too important
Accumulate information—postpone decisions• nobody takes action, nobody is responsible for truth• no risk in action: there is no mastery, just gossip
Æsthetic sphere of existence• inability to distinguish between trivial and important lea• 1996: standardization efforts to control appearance
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30odern
• illage is very
• lly
•
Ca
ach
ex
ory legend
ment violence
rt dream
lture banditry
itics prophecy
zen Nomad
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
New value system for the post-mHistorical perspective
The value system of the nomad in the global vdifferent from that of the modern citizen
Commercial success: Think locally — act globa
Lewis Lapham’s series of antonyms:
itizen Nomaduthority power
ievement celebrity
doubt certainty
science magic
perience innocence
build wander
happiness pleasure
literature journalism
civilization barbarism
will wish
peace war
Citizen Nomadhist
argu
a
agricu
pol
Citi
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31g
• ratingtend their influence
way…in growthecialist and enly reassembling annels get clogged
• purchases a ification in a
• ame time it an manage
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Global village: after a swan sonHistorical perspective
Cultures dawn by bloating up before disinteg• with the increase of communication speed, powers can ex
from the center to a margin that is increasingly farther a• …until the communications channels can no longer susta• the speed of electronic communication is such that our sp
fragmented civilization of center-margin structure is sudditself into an organic whole when the communications ch
Arnold Toynbee: “A disintegrating civilizationreprieve by submitting to forcible political unforcible state”
We are in a hectic period of M&A and at the sbecomes ever harder to find executives that cthese large and complex companies
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32ltants
•
•
•
• y
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
A society of independent consuHistorical perspective
20 years of social polarization
Career self-reliance, virtual corporations
R&D evolved into A&D
The anorexic company: no slack for emergenc
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• retirement
• avings options s
• can print stock
• everaged f cards
• ke a living as buy tools
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Printing moneyHistorical perspective
Baby-boomers must save their own money for
Due to low interest rates the only long-term sare 401(k) plans investing in the stock market
Demands for stock is so high, that companies certificates for M&A
When baby-boomers cash in to retire, highly lanorexic conglomerates collapse like houses o
Conclusion: The Web allows individuals to maindependent professionals — they will have to
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• would
• ike the UUCP
•bers are unlistede (Demers et al.
• al
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Internet’s fateHistorical perspective
Are there consequences if Ma’ Bell’s successorcollapse?
The global village can route TCP/IP and HTTP lcommunity could route e-mail
Domain name servers are not vital• California phone system works although half of the num• epidemic algorithms for replicated database maintenanc
1989)
Similarly for the other elements of the technicinfrastructure
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•
•or your specialty
• ation is low
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
New social structuresHistorical perspective
McLuhan’s global village
The physical location is no longer important• you no longer have to be in a specific geographic place f
In the village participation is high and organiz• this is the formula for stability in organizations
Communities of practiceextended knowledge networks (EKN)
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• opportunities
spheren and make
• devices permit
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Cooling the WebHistorical perspective
Kierkegaard: Flatness is overcome by creatingfor vertical activities• from the æsthetical sphere, people evolve to the ethical • people do not just accumulate information but take actio
commitments
McLuhan: Instead of saving work, labor-savingeverybody to do their own work
Opportunity: cool the Web
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37n age
• o evolve from
• lled world to
• g information
• edge
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Opportunity in the post-moderHistorical perspective
Søren Kierkegaard: provide tools for people tthe æsthetical to the ethical sphere
Empower individuals to emancipate from levestrong identities
Help people to emancipate from accumulatinto taking action and making commitments
Provide tools to distill information into knowl
Knowledge: justified true belief, mastery
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• owledge
•
•
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Knowledge and structureDefinitions
Doug Engelbart: categorization of evolving kn
Recorded dialog• databases, diaries, notes, address books, captions
External intelligence• ontologies, guide books
Knowledge products• Web photo albums, scrap books
HP Laboratoriesta:Research:HP Talks:W3 Structure:Tendenza.fm
39wledge
structureal intelligence
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Categorization of evolving knoKnowledge and structure — Definitions
externinformation
recorded dialog
knowledge
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Sim
Ent
•
how to do things—
perience, ruling out er accident
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Definition for knowledgeKnowledge and structure — Definitions
ple definition:
ity A knows p if and only if
1. A believes that p2. A is justified in believing that p3. p is true
Informally: justified true belief• belief is based on experience, skills, and mastery• knowledge in its strict form of propositional knowledge—
rather than an accumulation of facts• skills and mastery ensure that the belief is acquired by ex
that a belief meeting these conditions is possessed by she
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Iku
Tac
• ectives so therefore
• al’s
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Tacit knowledgeKnowledge and structure — Definitions
jiro Nonaka: Knowledge creating company
it knowledge…
…consists of mental models, beliefs, and perspingrained that we take them for granted, andcannot easily articulate them
…is deeply rooted in action and in an individucommitment to a specific context
HP Laboratoriesta:Research:HP Talks:W3 Structure:Tendenza.fm
42onaka
Exp n easily be com s or a scientific for
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Explicit knowledgeKnowledge and structure — Definitions — N
licit knowledge is formal and systematic; it camunicated and shared in product specification
mula or a computer program
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43nonaka
ICIT
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Knowledge creating organizatioKnowledge and structure — Definitions — N
KNOWLEDGETACIT EXPL
EXPLICIT
TACIT
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• w effectively it
• zation
• good structures
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Requirement 1: structureKnowledge and structure
Quality of knowledge can be measured by hois communicated
Effective communication requires clear organi
Clear organization is achieved by introducing
structureexternal intelligence
informationrecorded dialog
knowledge
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• trol
•
•
• t, reference,
• set, printer,
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Categories with a metricKnowledge and structure
Key words — image processing, JPEG, rate-con
Difficulty — beginner, intermediate, advanced
Audience — student, scientist, buyer, family
Discourse level — main thread, note, commendetail, source
Presentation medium — computer monitor, TVcommunications speed
Many more …
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46ctures
We
v6
v7
65
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Graphs can express simple struKnowledge and structure
ighted digraph
v2
v1
v3 v5
v4
10
4
2
4
7
38
5
1
7
2
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• ta is structured
•
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
TreesKnowledge and structure
Navigational information is valuable only if dasystematically• users get lost in generic graphs• cycles make it most difficult to stay on course
Trees solve these problems• hierarchical• root• no ambiguity
Exactly one path between two vertices
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A t y vertex of G is call
v4
v6
24
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Spanning treesKnowledge and structure
ree that is a subgraph of G and contains evered a spanning tree of G
v3
v2
v1
v5
1
5
3
v3
v2
v1
v4
v6v5
5
2
6
1
55
3
6
6 4
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• ing trees?
• eight is called
• ute an MST
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Exploiting the isomorphismKnowledge and structure
What good properties are known about spann
The spanning tree with minimum total edge wa minimum spanning tree (MST)
Good algorithms are readily available to comp• Prim’s algorithm• Kruskal algorithm
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•
•
•
• structs
• y defining
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
General Nicolas BourbakiKnowledge and structure — Structure
Graphs are too weak: only one relation
New interpretation of mathematics after 1935
Relational construct: a set with relations
System of axioms represents properties of con
Mathematical creativity: find new constructs bmaps that preserve the relations
Two-step approach• find a good system of axioms• find a good isomorphic construct
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• knowledge
• a set of m of a linear
s, that is to say a d, in the same way hat are prescribed uld not know how
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Requirement 2: storytellingKnowledge and structure — Structure
The oldest human technique for transmitting
For Leibniz, the author finds a linear order in information and creates knowledge in the forthread
The true method must provide us with a filum Ariadnekind of sensitive and coarse means that guides the minas lines drawn in geometry and the type of operations tto apprentices in Arithmetic. Without that our mind woto go along a long path without straying.Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
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•
• averse them
• n between
•
•PS
gy editors)
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Software tool opportunityAlgorithms and data structures
Mathematically: lattices
Algorithms that manage structures and can tr
Hard design problem: define the best partitiohuman and tool systems
Human system is good at• categorization (find correct class)• associations (story telling, Ariadne’s thread)
Tool system• enabling technology: databases; data structures, ADT, OO• editors for the systematic definition of structures (ontolo
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uthenticationatermarkingngerprintingobile systems
etworkserversrokersgents
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Humans and machinesSoftware tool opportunity
SYNERGISTIC
SYSTEM
Human systemcategorizationorganizationproceduresmethodsassociationsnarrationsculturevalues
paradigmscustomsattitudesemotionsmoodslanguagelearningknowledge
Tool systemontology editorsWeb browserson-line databasesJava beansInternetglobal file systemsdata structuresnanocommerce
awfimnsba
facilitates the creation of knowledge
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• to a database
• nitions (DTD)
• d serendipity
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Finding structuresSoftware tool opportunity
A general structure can easily be translated inschema …
… and into SGML or XML document type defifor presenting the information to users
Uniform user interfaces facilitate synergies an
Problems:• how to specify structures• how to tell stories
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•
• izationl
• ing and and a set of at vocabulary
• vides a se, create, edit,
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
OntologySoftware tool opportunity
Tool for systematically specifying a structure
An ontology is a specification of a conceptual• http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontology.htm
Ontologies provide a vocabulary for representcommunicating knowledge about some topic relationships that hold among the terms in th
Stanford University KSL Ontolingua Server prodistributed collaborative environment to browmodify, and use ontologies• http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/
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•
• tology editor ry
• en that allows based on a
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Using the ontologySoftware tool opportunity
Example of an ontology:• http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/• go to Ontolingua Server• load the ontology Wedding-Pics• created by John Tillinghast
Once the ontology has been specified, the onwith its inference engine is no longer necessa
A specific very simple application can be writtto author and read a set of Ariadne’s threads recorded dialog
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•
•
•
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Java appletsSoftware tool opportunity
Ontolingua frames can be translated into Java classes
Java classes can be encapsulated into Beans
A visual editor can be used to rapidly build a browser as an applet that represents some specific knowledge
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•
• ion
• fortless
• transactions
• tter solution in
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Advantage of applet approachSoftware tool opportunity
Flexible, can easily be extended
Each story is encapsulated in a simple applicat
Creation of applets is simple and allows the efcompilation of studies / folders / projects
Disadvantage: some applications like businessmust be more regimented
Databases + XML in a generic browser are a bethis case
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• hange on Weblanguageions
•
of list)ng. (DSSSL) instead
ation (optional)
•
erent users
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
Extensible Markup Language (XSoftware tool opportunity
A data format for structured document interc• a metalanguage to let authors design their own markup • an abbreviated version of SGML tailored to Web applicat
More powerful than HTML• extensibility: can define new tags and attribute names• structure: document structure can be nested (tree instead• appearance: Document Style Semantics & Specification La
of CSS• validation: a grammar can be supplied for structural valid
Applications of XML• information discovery can be tailored to individual users• different views of the same data can be presented to diff• processing load can be transferred from server to client• mediation between heterogeneous databases
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• evelops &
• itory (DB)
• y, client takes tions
• e
• .0
Chrystal, DataWare, , Vignette, …
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
XML in actionSoftware tool opportunity
A community of practice (see global village) dagrees on a Document Type Definition (DTD)
Information components are stored in a repos
Server creates documents (with DTD) on the flinto account user preferences and viewing op
Embedded Java applet makes document activ
Microsoft’s XML parser for Internet Explorer 4• http://www.microsoft.com/standards/xml/xmlparse.htm• other structured document specialists: Adobe, ArborText,
Documentum, Folio, Inforium, Inso, OpenText, PIT, Texcel
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• ents on the fly
•
• by making n of tools
• usiness model
plications
arkets because of
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
ConclusionsPaper is a convenient knowledge vector
Knowledge tools will produce tailored docum
Externalizing knowledge is very hard
E-commerce will allow people to earn a livingtheir knowledge explicit with a new generatio
Of the large companies only Microsoft has a bfit for the global village• produce middleware for a large army of independent ap
customizers• others: solution oriented, cannot enter in many vertical m
inertia
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•
• anging the
De ey technologyGUI
PI, foundation classes
nowledge networks
June 11, 1998 Hiro:Documents:Giordano Beret
ConclusionsHistorical perspective
Evolution of e-publishing
Max Frisch: “Technology is the knack of so arrworld that we do not have to experience it”
cade Buzz word Example K70s WYSIWYG Bravo, Word
80s object based, OLE Tioga, FrameMaker A
90s Web, dynamic hypermedia ODB + XML + Java k