Presenter’s Name (Change on Title Master)

Bio-Frac © andClay Stabilizers

Operational View of Purpose, Application, andTypes of Clay Stabilizers in Stimulation and

Other Oilfield Applications

1

Texas Magnesium Inc

April 15, 2023 2

What Are The Clays In A Reservoir?

In general, most of all petroleum reservoirs contain clay minerals; i.e. iron based, sodium based, and aluminum base. It is of most importance to protect the water sensitive clays from becoming a damaging threat to permeability via swelling and, or migration.

To protect the clays there are two types of clay stabilizers; Short Term (only protect from swelling) and Long Term (protect from swelling and migrating).

April 15, 2023 3

Types and Application Of Current Clay Stabilizers

Blends of sodium & calcium chloride: Short Term

TMAC (50%-60%): Short Term

KCL (2%-7%): Short Term & Green

Aluminum chloride solutions: Short Term

Choline Chloride: Short Term & Green

Salt water (3%): Short Term & Green

Special polymers: Long Term

Special Fluid: Bio-Frac © Long Term & Green

The emphasis today is on a GREEN solution for clay

stabilizers: no impact on the environment’

April 15, 2023 4

The Purpose Of A Short Term Clay Stabilizer

When water, and, or treatment fluid that is not in ionic balance contacts the sensitive clays, the clay absorbs the water, or treatment fluid into the crystalline structure resulting in plugging the pores via swelling. A Short Term product will protect the clays from swelling.

Furthermore, these swollen clay particles may flow thru the produced fluids and settle in other pores that further restrict fluid movement, specifically the movement of hydrocarbons! A MAJOR PROBLEM !!

April 15, 2023 5

How Does the Long Term Clay Stabilizer Work ?The clay stabilizer (a compound) must form an ionic bond to the clay to achieve an balance. In most cases, there are several types that need to be addressed. The additional threat to loss of production is the dispersing and, or migration of clays throughout the targeted formation. For long term results, the clay stabilizer must develop a crystalline structure that insures ‘no migration’ of clay particles.

Example: Ionic BondSalt = Sodium + Chloride

+ -

Now we have a compound NaCl in balance.

Sodium had 1 electron to give up and 1 Chloride needed

Example Crystalline Structure

April 15, 2023 6

Bio-Frac© is a combination of an aggregating solution and a dispersing solution.  When this fluid is forced into a formation, the part of the formation that can be dispersed becomes dispersed and the part that can be aggregated (clays) is stabilized via ionic bonds providing the crystalline structure, locking in place.

Frac FluidsWith Bio-Frac©

Flow Back, clays are stabilized and remain in place

How a Long Term Clay Stabilizer WorksBioFrac©

After the frac is in place, the frac pressure is released, the flow back fluids carry the dispersed particles and  the dispersing solution out of the formation and out of the well.  What is left behind is the aggregated particles which are now stabilized.  This increases the flow of hydrocarbon and the life of the well.

PLUSBio-Frac©

Is GREEN: no impact on

environment !