GRAMMAR BOOK

Spanish 3 honors

Kipa Norton

TABLE OF CONTENTSP

g. 3- Por and Para

P

g. 8- Possessive Adj.&Pronouns

P

g. 9- Commands

P

g. 10- Present subjunctive

P

g. 11- Verbs of Will & Influence

P

g. 12- Subjunctive With Verbs of Emotion

P

g. 13 -Doubt, Disbelief and Denial

P

g. 14- Impersonal Expressions

P

g. 15- Conjunctions

2

Pg. 16- Subjunctive in

Adjective Clauses

Pg. 17- Tú Commands

Pg. 18- Nosotros Commands

Pg. 19- Past Participles Used

As Adjectives

Pg. 20- Present Perfect

Pg. 21- Past Perfect

Pg. 22- Future Tense

Pg. 23- Conditional Tense

Pg. 24- Imperfect Subjunctive

POR AND PARA

B

oth por and para mean for, but they are not interchangeable. Study their uses in the charts.

P

or is like going through

P

ara is going towards something

P

ara is usually used right before an infinitive

P

or=Portal

3

USES OF POR

M

otion or a general location

D

uration of an action

O

bject of a search

M

eans by which something is done (by, by way of, by means of)

E

xchange or substitution

U

nit of measure (per, by)

4

CONT.

•P

or is used in several idiomatic expressions

•W

hen giving an exact time, de is used instead of por before la manana, la tarde, and la

noche

•L

legue a las diez de la noche (I arrived at 10 pm)

•M

e gusta estudiar por la noche (I like to study during the night)

5

PARA

D

estination

D

eadline or a specific time in the future

P

urpose or goal (+infinitive)

P

urpose + (noun/verb)

T

he recipient of something (for)

C

omparisons or opinions (for, considering)

E

mployment (for)

6

POR AND PARA

O

ften, either por or para can be used in a sentence. The

meaning of the sentence changes, depneding on which

one is used

C

amine por el parque Camine para el parque I walked through the park I walked to (toward) the park.

7

POSSESSIVE ADJ.&PRONOUNS

Mi(s) Nuestro

Tu(s) Vuestro

Su(s) Su(s)

Mío(a) Nuesto(a)

Tuyo(a) Vuestro(a)

Suyo(a) Suyo(a)8

Long Form-Singular Plural

Míos(as) Nuestros(as)

Tuyos(as) Vuestros(as)

Suyos(as) Suyos(as)

LOS MANDATOS

9

DOP+IOP+’se’ can attach to an affirmativeDOP+IOP+’se’ must go before the negative command

Tú-Simply drop the ‘s’Los irregulares- di, haz, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven

Ud./Uds.- put it in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel

los irregulares- TVDISHES

Tù- put it in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel, and add an ‘s’

Los irregulares- TVDISHES

Ud./Uds.-same as above

Los irregulares- TVDISHES

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

1. Put the verb in the yo form

2. Drop the o ending

3. Add endings

10

Ar verbs Er/Ir verbs

E A

Es As

E A

Emos Amos

Éis Áis

En An

SUBJUNCTIVES WITH VERBS OF WILL AND INFLUENCE

Verbs of Will &

Influence

Aconsejar-to advise

Importar-to be

importantInsistir

(en)- to

insistMandar- to order

Prohibir- to

prohibit

Recomendar (e-ie)-

to recomma

nd

Rogar(o-ue)- to beg, to plead

Sugerir(e-

ie)- to sugge

st

11

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF EMOTION

o A

legrarse (de)- To be happy

o E

sperar- To hope, to wish

o S

entir (e-ie)- To be sorry, to regret

o S

oprender- To surprise

o T

emer- To surprise

o E

s triste- it’s sad

o O

jála (que)- I hope (that), I wish (that)

12

DOUBT, DISBELIEF AND DENIAL

D

udar- to doubt

N

egar (e-ie)- to deny

E

s imposible – it’s impossible

E

s improbable- it’s improbable

N

o es cierto- it’s not true, it’s not certain

N

o es seguro- it’s not certain

N

o es verdad- it’s not true

13

IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS

14

CONJUNCTIONS

S

- sin que (without)

P

- para que (so that)

A

- a fin de que ( so that)

A

- antes de que (before)

A

-a menos que (unless)

C

- con tal de que (provided that)

E

- en caso de que ( in case)

15

SUBJUNCTIVE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

U

sed when a direct object is unknown or undefined

I

f the direct object is known, use indicative

E

x: Necesitamos empleados que conozcan la tecnología: It is the

subjunctive because you do not own it, you need it

16

TÚ COMMANDS

AR verb - ar + a escucha

ER verb - er + e come

IR verb - ir + e vive

17

AR verb -ar + es & no No escuches

ER verb -er + as & no No comas

IR verb -ir + as & no No vivas

NOSOTROS COMMANDS

C

hange the ending to the opposite vowel and add

‘mos’

S

ame for the negative

E

xception is Ir- vamos; no vayamos

18

PAST PARTICIPLES USED AS ADJECTIVES

D

rop the infinitive ending and add ado (ar) or ido (er

& ir)

I

rregulars:

19

PRESENT PERFECT

U

sed for combining has with the past participle

U

se the verb haber: he, has, ha, hemos, han

E

x: Ha comido (he has eaten)

*

*** ya may be used at the before the conjugation of haber

20

PAST PERFECT

U

sed for forming had

C

onjugate the imperfect form of haber: había, habías, había,

habíamos, habían

E

x: Había vivido (I had lived)

21

FUTURE TENSE

U

sed to tell something will happen

K

eep the infinitive and add the endings: é, ás, á, emos,

án

22

caberponer

decir

habersalirhacer

poder

tener querer valer

saber

venir

CONDITIONAL TENSE

U

sed to show probability

K

eep the infinitive and add:

S

ame for ar, er, and ir

23

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

24

Put verb in the preterite third person plural

form, and drop the ron ending

RaRasRa

RamosRan