Glancing at Personal Navigation Devices can Influence Driving

Andrew Kun, Tim Paek,Zeljko Medenica, Nemanja Memarovic, Oskar Palinko

Outline

• Navigation study: experiment• Results• Conclusion

Navigation study

• With vs. without map:– Time looking at the

road?– Effect on driving

performance?• Voice instruction

for both• 8 male subjects

DriveSafety driving simulator• tinyurl.com/p54sim

Driving simulator

1

2

2

3 3

1

Driving scenario

Seeingmachines eye tracker• tinyurl.com/eyetracker

Visual attention

• Fixations (> 100 ms): number, timing, etc.• Percent dwell time: looking at road

Driving performance

• Variance:– Lane position– Steering wheel angle– Velocity

• Collisions

Effect of visual attention?

• Average variances (13 segments)• Cross-correlation peaks:

PDT decrease → variance increase?

Outline

• Navigation study: experiment• Results• Conclusion

Eye tracker camera Rear camera

Camera setup

Front camera

Standard PND

Voice-only PND

Questions

• Influence on visual attention?• If yes, effect on driving performance?

PDT on the outside world

Series186%

88%

90%

92%

94%

96%

98%

90.4%

96.90%

Standard PND Spoken output only PND

PDT

[%]

Questions

• Influence on visual attention?• If yes, effect on driving performance?

Cross-correlation

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007Lane position

standard

p = 0.05

spoken only

lag [seconds]

Rlp

[met

ers^

2 ]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Steering wheel angle

standard

p = 0.05

spoken only

lag [seconds]

Rstw

[deg

rees

^2 ]

Cross-correlation, gazes > 200 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

Lane position

standard

p = 0.05

spoken only

lag [seconds]

Rlp

[met

ers^

2 ]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Steering wheel angle

lag [seconds]

Rstw

[deg

rees

^2 ]

Fixations at standard PND screen

0.1-0.2 0.2-0.3 0.3-0.4 0.4-0.5 0.5-0.6 0.6-0.7 0.7-0.8 0.8-0.90

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

duration [sec]

num

ber o

f fixa

tions

[#]

Outline

• Navigation study: experiment• Results• Conclusion

Conclusion

• Display: (visual attention)↘

• (visual attention)↘ → (variances↗)

• (long gazes at PND) → (variances↗)• Display viewing: 60% of gazes last >200ms• Collision risk: need testing• But…

I prefer to have a PND screen…

Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly disagree

0

6

1 1

0

Design implications

• Must earn users’ trust.• Complicated displays may reduce visual

attention even more.• Small screen? Voice-only may be just fine.

Next?

• “You’re on the right track.”• Complex environments?• Augmented reality.

Acknowledgements

• US DOJ (NIJ, COPS)• Microsoft Research• TellMe