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Session 9: Change and globalization October 3, 2013
Mt. Fuji, JapanNorton, W. (2005). Cultural Geography: Environments, Landscapes, Identities, and Inequalities. Oxford University Press, Don Mills.
Readings: Chapter 3 of Norton – Global Landscape Change During the Last 12,000 Years
1) Meet your photo elicitation groups;
2) Lecture on natural resources, change, and globalization (videos);
3) Discussion on ecological and slavery footprints.
1. Personal concepts of nature (FULL)
1. Michael K. 2. Jenna Lamb 3. Tanna 2. Inequality in the urban environment
1. Jody 2. Marc McPike 3. Chris D. 3. Sport, recreation, and sense of place (FULL)
1. Kelsey 2. Jill 3. Michelle Conan 4. Gender experience and place
1. Michelle Withoos 2. Sara Braun 3. ? 5. Student life: identity, experience, and place (FULL)
1. Rockford 2. Ashley Dietsch3. Jalysa
6. Place as commodity
1. Zack Long 2. Thamie 3. Teigen
7. Urban life as identity and place
1. Justine Spearman 2. Alex Derlago 3. Eric Smith
Source: Norton 2005, pg. 148
Figure 4.12: Human-and-Nature Relationship Through Time
Globalization and the distribution of resources
Globalization: the act or process of globalizing : the state of being globalized; especially : the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NenNtgI6pU
News item: Philippine Activists Fight back Against Corporate and Military Forces
News item / thought provoking item of the day
“Resources are cultural appraisals defined not only by their physical presence but also by human awareness, technological availability, economic feasibility, and human acceptability.” (Norton, 2005, p. 136)
1. Human awareness
Natural resources
Source: www.45nuclearplants.com
2. Technological availability 3. Economic feasibility
Renewable energy
Source: www.bcenergyblog.com Source: guide.offshorewind.biz
2. Technological availability 3. Economic feasibility
Non-renewable energy – e.g. #1: oil/tar sands in Alberta
Source: www2.macleans.ca
Non-renewable energy – e.g. #1: fracking
Energy independence from the Middle-East
Source: www.futurechallenges.org
Source: www.thinkprogress.org
4. Human acceptability
Generally determined through ethical reflection – values and norms
Energy
Food
Source: wwwthecanadiandaily.ca Source: www.celsias.com
The case of India
Population: in 2011 was 1.24 billion up from 447.8 million in 1960 (World Bank)
Rejection of Monsanto, ¼ million suicides because of GMO crops
Vandana Shiva talking about Monsanto and colonization on Strombo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3d9k23UyQQ
• Climate change
• Acid rain
• Ozone depletion *one example of cooperation that has been able to reverse effects adaptation
• Species at risk / loss of genetic diversity
Forms of environmental maladaptation
Signs of human maladaptation to the environment:
The Montreal Protocol – an example of global cooperation
Ozone depletion observed in the 70s became a major concern in the 80s
ODS – Ozone Depleting Substance
• CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)• freons • halons
Montreal Protocol
• 43 nations signed in 1987 phasing out of ODSs• entered into force in 1989 with an expected recovery by 2050
Kofi Annan (7th Secretary General of the UN): “perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date”
Source: WikiCommons
Sustainable development
1983 – UN World Commission on the Environment and Development
‘Our Common Future’ or The Brundtland Report Sustainable
Development
“meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
Challenge in defining ‘development’
• wellbeing?• grown?• is relative
3 pillars of sustainable development
Resilience – way of understanding human adaptation
"Resilience" as applied to ecosystems, or to integrated systems of people and the natural environment, has three defining characteristics:
• The amount of change the system can undergo and still retain the same controls on function and structure
• The degree to which the system is capable of self-organization
• The ability to build and increase the capacity for learning and adaptation
Source: The Resilience Alliance, 2013
Resilience – way of understanding human adaptation
Crucial factors:
• learning to live with change and uncertainty; • nurturing diversity for resilience;
• combining different types of knowledge for learning;
• and creating opportunity for self-organization towards social-
ecological sustainability.
Resilience – way of understanding human adaptation
Key term*Adaptive Capacity
Ecological systems:• genetic diversity• biological diversity• heterogeneity of landscape mosaics
Social systems: • the existence of institutions and networks to learn and store
knowledge and experience• create flexibility in problem solving and balance power among
interest groups play an important role in adaptive capacity (Scheffer et al. 2000, Berkes et al. 2002).
Social-ecological systems
Signs of human social maladaptation:
• War
• Poverty
• Slavery
• Social disparities
• etc.
Social maladaptation – human trafficking
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQh6X09WtYU
Trafficked Girls in Nepal.
http://myfootprint.org/ http://slaveryfootprint.org/
Ecological and slavery footprint
Assessing our impact on the world – questions for consideration:
1. What were some of the factors that impacted your ecological and slavery footprints the most?
2. Did you find your results to be surprising in any way?
3. What are some of the assumptions that are made about the impacts of certain items?
Source: http://myfootprint.org/
Source: http://slaveryfootprint.org/