Generating Ideas

Generating IdeasGenerating Ideas

Generating Ideas: Prewriting ActivitiesGenerating Ideas: Prewriting Activities

Your goal?

Generate as many ideas as possible.

So, don't prejudge.

The purpose of prewriting is to

begin thinking about the topic(s).

Later you will decide which ideas are worth pursuing.

(Anker, 2001)

ThTh

Write a 1,000word research

report…

?Three Questions to Begin…1. What interests me?

2. What do I know about?

3. Is my topic specific? (Anker, 2001)

and a fourth, question:What are the assignment requirements?

A TopicA Topic

Let's begin with a topic.Pick TWO of the following:

Children [or Childhood]

An issue [at the university]

Leisure time

Environmental problems

Technology

An important new discovery(Taken directly from Anker,

2001)

Brainstorming: ListingBrainstorming: Listing

Brainstorming: Clustering/MappingBrainstorming: Clustering/Mapping


Memorable incident in my past.

Bedtime stories.Falling off a slide.

Getting bracestaken off my teeth.

Getting myfirst bike

for Christmas.

(cluster taken directly from Winterowd & Murray, 1985)


Memorable incident in my past.

Bedtime stories.Falling off a slide.

Getting bracestaken off my teeth.

Getting myfirst bike

for Christmas.

Age 9

Wanted aSchwinn brand.

Surprise!

Sheer exhilaration.

FancyMonarch brand.

End ofchildhood.

Felt older, more sophisticated.

Dentist'soffice

Cold

Ugly

Beige carpet with green trim.

(taken directly from Winterowd & Murray, 1985)


BrainstormingBrainstorming



Brainstorming: DiscussionBrainstorming: Discussion

Pentad: Asking Questions to Pentad: Asking Questions to Generate Ideas and DetailGenerate Ideas and Detail

1. What is the action?1. What is the action?

2. Who are the actors?2. Who are the actors?

3. What is the scene?3. What is the scene?

4. What is the method?4. What is the method?

5. What is the purpose? 5. What is the purpose?

APA FormatAPA FormatThe following guidelines apply for an APA The following guidelines apply for an APA style paper:style paper:• Include a page Include a page

header on the header on the

top of every pagetop of every page..

The page header The page header is different on the is different on the title page than on title page than on the pages that the pages that

followfollow..

The header shouldThe header shouldalign with the left align with the left Title page header:Title page header:margin; the page margin; the page Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPERRunning head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPERnumber shouldnumber shouldalign with the rightalign with the right All other pages: All other pages: marginmargin TITLE OF YOUR PAPER TITLE OF YOUR PAPER (Angeli, et. al. 2010)(Angeli, et. al. 2010)

Title pageTitle pageAll other pagesAll other pages

APA StyleAPA StyleFor a sample APA-style paper with notes For a sample APA-style paper with notes

on formatting go to Course Documents on on formatting go to Course Documents on BlackBoard (BB).BlackBoard (BB).

APA Style Papers: Literature ReviewAPA Style Papers: Literature ReviewWhat is it?What is it?

"A literature review is a summary of what the "A literature review is a summary of what the scientific literature says about your specific topicscientific literature says about your specific topic or question" (Angeli, et. al., 2010)or question" (Angeli, et. al., 2010)..

Why? When?Why? When?The literature demonstrates your familiarity with prior The literature demonstrates your familiarity with prior research into the topic. Before you begin writing your research into the topic. Before you begin writing your professor may ask you to write a literature review for this professor may ask you to write a literature review for this purpose (Angeli, et. al., 2010).purpose (Angeli, et. al., 2010).

Main Parts:Main Parts:• title pagetitle page• introduction sectionintroduction section• list of referenceslist of references• (possibly) abstract(possibly) abstract

APA Style Papers: Experimental ReportAPA Style Papers: Experimental Report

What is it?What is it? A more complex form of APA format used toA more complex form of APA format used to present your original, social science researchpresent your original, social science research

Why? When?Why? When?"The structure follows the scientific method, but it also "The structure follows the scientific method, but it also makes your paper easier to follow by providing those makes your paper easier to follow by providing those familiar cues that help your reader efficiently scan your familiar cues that help your reader efficiently scan your information for:information for:• why the topic is important (covered in the introduction)why the topic is important (covered in the introduction)

• what the problem is (also covered in your introduction)what the problem is (also covered in your introduction)

• what you did to try to solve the problem (covered in your what you did to try to solve the problem (covered in your methods section)methods section)

• what you found (covered in your results section)what you found (covered in your results section)

• what you think your findings mean (covered in your what you think your findings mean (covered in your discussion section)" (Angeli, et. al., 2010)discussion section)" (Angeli, et. al., 2010)

AbstractAbstractAn abstract is a summary of the main points of your An abstract is a summary of the main points of your researchresearch. .

Abstract format/contents:Abstract format/contents:• include the header at the top of the page,include the header at the top of the page,

• first line, center the word "Abstract"first line, center the word "Abstract"(upper and lower case, plain text—no bold,(upper and lower case, plain text—no bold,

italics, underlining, or quotation marks),italics, underlining, or quotation marks),

• In block style (no indenting) write the In block style (no indenting) write the abstract, which should be between 150-250 abstract, which should be between 150-250

wordswords• At minimum the abstract includes: "research topic, research At minimum the abstract includes: "research topic, research

questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions" (this will differ for a literature review abstract) conclusions" (this will differ for a literature review abstract) (Angeli, et. al.)(Angeli, et. al.)

Properly Citing SourcesProperly Citing SourcesSome “rules” always remain true:Some “rules” always remain true:• If you are If you are quoting a source directly, always: , always:

- Use quotation marks - Use quotation marks “ ”“ ”- Indicate in the sentence whom you are quoting- Indicate in the sentence whom you are quoting

• If you are If you are paraphrasing someone else’s idea, , always:always:

-- Acknowledge whose idea it is, Acknowledge whose idea it is, use indicator words use indicator words like like “According to…”“According to…”,,“As ...... says”“As ...... says”, , “As reported “As reported by .......”by .......”, , “...... says that”“...... says that”

-- Although you are using your own words when Although you are using your own words when when when paraphrasingparaphrasing, , you still need to you still need to cite the cite the source of the informationsource of the information..

Properly Citing SourcesProperly Citing SourcesAlways create a Reference page.create a Reference page.

Indicate ALL the sources you used Indicate ALL the sources you used in your in your paper paper

– Directly quoted sourcDirectly quoted sourc– Sources that are summarizedSources that are summarized

(paraphrased)(paraphrased)

To avoid accusations of plagiarismTo avoid accusations of plagiarismevery source used in the body every source used in the body ofofthe essay the essay must be listed in themust be listed in theReference pageReference page..

In-text Citation: Ways to Cite SourcesIn-text Citation: Ways to Cite SourcesAuthor of a Quote

Should beShould be1)1) Acknowledged directly Acknowledged directly beforebefore or or afterafter the quoted the quoted

or referenced materialor referenced material1)1) Use words such as “Use words such as “says,” “,” “explains,” ,”

““believes,” “,” “thinks,” “,” “argued,” or “,” or “demands.”.”The first time a source is mentioned, it is recommended to The first time a source is mentioned, it is recommended to use their use their ffuullll nnaammee and an and an indication of his or her indication of his or her credibilitycredibility. After the introduction use the . After the introduction use the surname (family name).surname (family name).EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

From this foundation, From this foundation, Dr. Elliot Smith (2002), an economist at

Milford University, argued that “humankind ought to be left to “humankind ought to be left to

follow its inborn inclinations, which were to sustain life and to follow its inborn inclinations, which were to sustain life and to

acquire goods (p. 5). acquire goods (p. 5). [[title/given name title/given name surname surname date date signal word signal word credibilitycredibility]]

Direct QuotationsDirect Quotations::Quotation Marks Quotation Marks and and CommasCommas

• SmithSmith (1998) (1998) sayssays,, ““What we require is a new methodWhat we require is a new method..””

• ““What we require is a new methodWhat we require is a new method,,”” says says SmithSmith..

• ““Thirty minutes laterThirty minutes later,,”” EdelmanEdelman said said,, ““subjects subjects

responded negativelyresponded negatively..””• Edelman saidEdelman said, , ““Thirty minutes later subjects responded Thirty minutes later subjects responded

negativelynegatively..””

• ““Thirty minutes later subjects responded negativelyThirty minutes later subjects responded negatively,,”” said said

EdelmanEdelman. . [[surname surname comma comma quotation mark quotation mark quote quote periodperiod]]

Direct Quotations:Direct Quotations:Quotation Marks Quotation Marks without without CommasCommas

(integrating a (integrating a partial quote partial quote with with your own wordsyour own words))

• All are asked to All are asked to ““help restore hopehelp restore hope..””

• ToTo ““help restore hopehelp restore hope”” is what is asked of is what is asked of usus..

• Are we to accept Jefferson’s concept of Are we to accept Jefferson’s concept of ““a a

natural aristocracy among mennatural aristocracy among men””??

• IsIs ““a natural aristocracy among mena natural aristocracy among men”” the the Jeffersonian concept we are to acceptJeffersonian concept we are to accept??

Ways to Cite Sources (Print)Ways to Cite Sources (Print)EXAMPLE (Author with signal phrase):EXAMPLE (Author with signal phrase):

According to According to Jones ((1998)), , ““Students often had difficulty Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first timeusing APA style, especially when it was their first time”” (p. 199)(p. 199). .

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE (Author quote and writer's own material):(Author quote and writer's own material):

Jones ((1998)) found, found, ““Students often had difficulty using APA Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first timestyle, especially when it was their first time”” (p. 199)(p. 199); what ; what implications does this have for teachers?implications does this have for teachers?

EXAMPLE (Author not named in signal phrase):EXAMPLE (Author not named in signal phrase):She She statedstated, , ““Students often had difficulty using APA styleStudents often had difficulty using APA style”” ((Jones, 1998, p. 199p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as ), but she did not offer an explanation as to whyto why. .

[[surname surname datedate signal words signal words quotation mark quotation mark quote quote page numberspage numbers]]

Summary or ParaphraseSummary or Paraphrase If you are If you are paraphrasing an idea paraphrasing an idea from another work, from another work,

you you only have to make reference to the author and only have to make reference to the author and

year of publication year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA in your in-text reference, but APA

guidelines guidelines encourage you to also provide the page encourage you to also provide the page

numbernumber (although it is not required). (although it is not required).

Examples:Examples:

According to According to JonesJones ( (19981998), APA style is a different citation format for ), APA style is a different citation format for first-time learners.first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (JonesJones, , 19981998, , p. 199p. 199))

[[surname surname datedate signal words signal words paraphrase paraphrase page numberspage numbers]] (Angeli, et. al., 2010)(Angeli, et. al., 2010)

Purdue OWL PDF p. 11.

Ways to Cite Sources (Print)Ways to Cite Sources (Print)FURTHER EXAMPLE:FURTHER EXAMPLE:

As noted by As noted by Smith (2010) Americans have sympathy for the

belief that “ “public services are never better performed than public services are never better performed than

when their reward comes only in consequence of their when their reward comes only in consequence of their

being performed, and is proportioned to the diligence being performed, and is proportioned to the diligence

employed in performing thememployed in performing them” ” (pp. 678-679)(pp. 678-679). .


Ways to Cite Sources (Print)Ways to Cite Sources (Print)FURTHER EXAMPLE (When :FURTHER EXAMPLE (When :

This process, This process, Weigel (1986) (1986) rightly rightly describes, as an , as an

outgrowth of the selling of scarcity that outgrowth of the selling of scarcity that ““has convinced has convinced

many Americans of the viability and moral necessity of many Americans of the viability and moral necessity of

coerced, subsistence-wage labor through the workfare coerced, subsistence-wage labor through the workfare

and prison industriesand prison industries”” ((p. 21) 21). .


Ways to Cite Sources (Webpage)Ways to Cite Sources (Webpage)Unlike print sources, Internet sources may not be dividedUnlike print sources, Internet sources may not be dividedinto pages. Instead of using a page reference (p. or pp.) into pages. Instead of using a page reference (p. or pp.) you can refer to the paragraph where you found the you can refer to the paragraph where you found the quotation using "para.", chapter number "chap. 2", or section quotation using "para.", chapter number "chap. 2", or section heading.heading.

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: ““The Purdue University Writing lab and Purdue OnlineThe Purdue University Writing lab and Purdue Online

Writing Lab (OWL) assist clients in their development asWriting Lab (OWL) assist clients in their development as

writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campuswriters—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus

consultations, online participation, and communityconsultations, online participation, and community

engagementengagement”” ( (Purdue OWL, 20102010, , "Mission", , para. 1)). .

[[organization author organization author datedate section section quotation mark quotation mark quote quote paragraph numberparagraph number]]

Ways to Cite Sources (Webpage)Ways to Cite Sources (Webpage)

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:Interval training encourages rotation between high-intensity Interval training encourages rotation between high-intensity spurts and spurts and ““active recovery, which is typically a less-intense active recovery, which is typically a less-intense form of the original activityform of the original activity”” ( (Interval training, n.d.n.d., , chap. 2)). .

[[title title datedate section section quotation mark quotation mark quote quote paragraph numberparagraph number]]

n.d. = no daten.d. = no date

Ways to Cite Sources Ways to Cite Sources In-text Multiple AuthorsIn-text Multiple Authors

Two Authors:Two Authors:

• List the names List the names in the order they appear in the sourcein the order they appear in the source.. • Link the names with anLink the names with an ampersandampersand ( (&&); remember in the body of ); remember in the body of

youryour essay you should always spell the word "and"essay you should always spell the word "and", , only use the only use the ampersand for citationsampersand for citations..

A group's cultural development enhances its chance for A group's cultural development enhances its chance for survival, providing both physical and psychological survival, providing both physical and psychological protection protection ((Anderson && RossRoss, 19981998)). .

[[authors authors ampersand ampersand datedate]]

(Kennedy, Kennedy, & Muth, 2011)(Kennedy, Kennedy, & Muth, 2011)

Ways to Cite Sources Ways to Cite Sources In-text Multiple AuthorsIn-text Multiple Authors

Three Authors or More:Three Authors or More:Three to Five Authors:Three to Five Authors:Include Include AALLLL tthhee nnaammeess in your in your FIRST referenceFIRST reference. . In In later references later references use use only the only the first authorfirst author and and add add et al.et al. (et al.="and others").(et al.="and others").

Six or More Authors:Six or More Authors:For For all citations list the all citations list the first author first author mentioned, mentioned, plus plus et al.et al.

The field of conservation biology has developed in response The field of conservation biology has developed in response to the accelerating rate at which species are being lost to the accelerating rate at which species are being lost ((PurvesPurves, , OriansOrians, , && HellerHeller, , 19991999). ). PurvesPurves et al. et al. specifically specifically explore the consequences of human activities in relation to explore the consequences of human activities in relation to this acceleration. this acceleration.

[[first author first author additional authors additional authors ampersand ampersand date date et al.et al.]]

(Kennedy, Kennedy, & Muth, 2011)(Kennedy, Kennedy, & Muth, 2011)

Unknown Authors and Unknown Authors and Corporate/Organization AuthorsCorporate/Organization Authors

Unknown Author:Unknown Author:Use the TITLE Use the TITLE as as part of the signal phrasepart of the signal phrase or the or the first one or two first one or two words words of the title that convey meaning in of the title that convey meaning in parenthesesparentheses. . Book and report titlesBook and report titles are are italicizeditalicized or or underlinedunderlined.."Article""Article", , "chapter""chapter", , "web page" "web page" titles titles are in are in quotation marks ("")quotation marks ("")..

A similar study was done of students learning to format research A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers (papers ("Using APA"Using APA,,"" 20012001).).

According to the study According to the study "Using APA: A Guide to College Usage" "Using APA: A Guide to College Usage" ((20012001) a similar study was done of students learning to format ) a similar study was done of students learning to format research papers.research papers.

Eastern mothers tend to teach their children social norms and Eastern mothers tend to teach their children social norms and actions when teaching language; whereas, Western mothers tend to actions when teaching language; whereas, Western mothers tend to focus on object names (focus on object names (Culture and LanguageCulture and Language, , 20112011, , pp. 48-49pp. 48-49).).

[[article/chapter/web page title article/chapter/web page title book/report title book/report title date date signal phrase signal phrase page(s)page(s)]]

Block QuotesBlock QuotesQuotations Quotations longer than

three lines or

40 words – Should be indentedShould be indented

– Do not require quotation marksDo not require quotation marks

– Should be double-spacedShould be double-spaced

– Followed by a citationFollowed by a citation

– Further information on in-text citation is available atFurther information on in-text citation is available at

Purdue University’s OWL Writing LabPurdue University’s OWL Writing Lab

““In-Text Citations: The Basics” page at:In-Text Citations: The Basics” page at:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/

The second key tenet of post-structuralism concerns the very existence of the human

subject. Traditionally, individuals have been seen as coherent entities possessing

qualities, such as initiative and will, as noted by Bush (1987):

The poststructuralist self is seen to be incoherent, disunified, and in effect

“decentered,” so that…a human being is described as, for example, a mere

conveyor of unconscious mainstream ideologies, or as simply a “site” in which

various cultural constructs and “discursive formations” created & sustained by

the structures of power in a given social environment play themselves out.

(p. 4) The final characteristic of post-structuralism is an emphasis not on the writer

of texts but the reader. The traditional notion of a literary “work” that has some sort

Block QuotesBlock Quotes

IINNDDEENNTT

author/dateauthor/date

page number/location on web pagepage number/location on web page

quotation over 40 words or three linesquotation over 40 words or three lines(indented as a block)(indented as a block)

Quotes (Additions and Omissions)Quotes (Additions and Omissions)If you are If you are omitting something omitting something from a quote from a quote use ellipsesuse ellipses, , . . . . . . , to , to

mark the text that has been omitted. Middle of the sentence mark the text that has been omitted. Middle of the sentence

omission use three ellipses; end of the sentence omission use three omission use three ellipses; end of the sentence omission use three

ellipses plus the period.ellipses plus the period.

Here is the entire quote:Here is the entire quote:

During the war Paris seems to have had a secondary role: a good During the war Paris seems to have had a secondary role: a good warrior but inferior to his brother Hector and to the Greek leaders warrior but inferior to his brother Hector and to the Greek leaders whom he faced. whom he faced. Menelaus would have defeated Paris in single Menelaus would have defeated Paris in single combat, but Aphrodite rescued him, and the war continued. combat, but Aphrodite rescued him, and the war continued. Near the Near the end of the war, Paris shot the arrow that, by Apollo's help, caused end of the war, Paris shot the arrow that, by Apollo's help, caused the death of the hero Achilles.the death of the hero Achilles.

We want to quote the green portions, but not the yellow portions.We want to quote the green portions, but not the yellow portions.

So,So,

During the war Paris seems to have had a secondary role: a good During the war Paris seems to have had a secondary role: a good warrior but inferior to his brother Hector and to the Greek leaders warrior but inferior to his brother Hector and to the Greek leaders whom he faced. whom he faced. . . . . . . Near the end of the war, Paris shot the arrow Near the end of the war, Paris shot the arrow that, by Apollo's help, caused the death of the hero Achilles.that, by Apollo's help, caused the death of the hero Achilles.

Quotes (Additions and Omissions)Quotes (Additions and Omissions)Sometimes when you Sometimes when you take a quote out of its contexttake a quote out of its context, the , the

sentences and paragraphs that surround it, you sentences and paragraphs that surround it, you need to need to

add additional words for clarityadd additional words for clarity. If you add words to a quote . If you add words to a quote

use bracketsuse brackets, , [ ][ ] , to show the words you have added. , to show the words you have added.

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

Peter Weiss (2003) observes that "examinations of bullet fragments [linked] the shootings" in the Washington, D.C., sniper case (23).

Here, the verb tense has changed from the original, "link",

which was a contemporary account of a crime. But by the

time of the essay this account is in the past.

(Adapted from Price, n.d.)

Quotes (Additions and Omissions)Quotes (Additions and Omissions)If you add words to a quote If you add words to a quote use bracketsuse brackets, , [ ][ ] , to show the , to show the

words you have added. words you have added.

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

"In a most direct way, the Attorney General "In a most direct way, the Attorney General [John Ashcroft] [John Ashcroft] had said that his critics were helping America's enemy; any had said that his critics were helping America's enemy; any questions the senators might have about his proposals had questions the senators might have about his proposals had been preemptively labeled unpatriotic, even subversive" been preemptively labeled unpatriotic, even subversive" (Brooks, 2003, p. A5).(Brooks, 2003, p. A5).

Who is the Attorney General?

In the original source it is clear; taken out of context it is not.

The information is added with brackets for clarity.

(Adapted from Price, n.d.)

ReferencesReferences– Key questions before you begin:

To determine how to format the reference, ask:Who wrote it?What type of source is it?

(Kennedy, Kennedy & Muth, 2011).

– All references mentioned in your paper (directly or in (directly or in footnotes or endnotes) should be footnotes or endnotes) should be included in your References page..

– The References should The References should begin on a new page begin on a new page following the following the essay.essay.

Always include the following informationthe following informationabout your sources:about your sources:

AuthorAuthor TitleTitle PublisherPublisherDateDate Page numbers (location for Internet)Page numbers (location for Internet)

ReferencesReferencesIn general the format of Reference page citations is as follows:

1st author

2nd date

3rd title of the book or article

4th if needed title of magazine, newspaper, academic journal, Internet site

4th or 5th publisher and location (books) / issue and volume number (magazines and academic journals) / date of retrieval and internet address (Internet sites)

6th if needed pages (magazines and books)

References: Basic RulesReferences: Basic Rules• Double space the reference page

• Every line after the first should be indented 1.25 cm (about 5 spaces), like so:

Greenspan, A. (2002). Macroeconomic stability, financial

markets, & economic development. Retrieved

Oct 28, 2004, from http://www.federalreserve.gov/

• List sources ALPHABETICALLY by authors' surnames (use the title of the source if there is no author) in the reference page (a, b, c order).

References: Basic RulesReferences: Basic Rules• Authors names are listed surname first, followed by initials of the given names.

Since this is not the usual order in Western countries we put a comma between the surname and given name initials. The comma is not necessary in Eastern names, because the usual order is unchanged.

Roland Barthes = Barthes, R.Barthes, R. (1957). Mythologies. New York: Hill & Wang.

Liu Xiao Yan = Liu X.Y.Liu X.Y. (2012). My Insane Husband. Shanghai: XTC Press.

• More than one source with the same author name? Then, list those entries by date, earliest first. For example:

Barthes, R. (1957). Mythologies. New York: Hill & Wang.

Barthes, R. (1970). Empire of signs. New York: Hill & Wang.

Barthes, R. (1976). Alors la Chine? Paris: Bourgois.

Purdue OWL PDF: Capitalization rules p. 14

APA Style Resource Compendium: APA Reference Page Check List p. 50, APA Sample Entries p. 47

References: Basic RulesReferences: Basic RulesTitle rules:• Capitalize ALL major words in the titles of academic

journalsJournal of the American Medical AssociationAnnals of the American Psychological Association

• Titles of books, articles, Internet sites, chapters only have the FIRST WORD capitalized. With subtitles also

capitalize the first word after the colon. Proper nouns should also be capitalized no matter where they occur in the title.

The geography of thoughtA tourist's guide to New York CityWar and peace: A guide to Tolstoy's masterpieceInterregnum: 1919-1940 (a chapter in an anthology)

• Italicize or underline (italicization is the more modern way)

the titles of longer works (books and academic journals) See the examples above.

• DON'T put quote marks, italics, or underline shorter works

(journal articles, essays, etc.)

Anderson, J. (1996). Communication theory: Epistemological foundations. New York: Guilford.

Barthes, R. (1957). Mythologies. New York: Hill & Wang.

Barthes, R. (1970). Empire of signs. New York: Hill & Wang.

Barthes, R. (1976). Alors la Chine? Paris: Bourgois.

Brooks, P. & Schor, N. (2001). Roland Barthes: Twenty years after. The Yale Journal of

Criticism, 14, 433-437.

Bush, H. (1995). Post-structuralism as theory and practice in the English classroom.

ERIC Digest, ED387794, 1-7.

De Mente, B .L. (1997). NTC’s Dictionary of Japan’s cultural code words: The complete

guide to key words that express how the Japanese think, communicate, and

behave. Lincolnwood: NTC.

Goebel, R. (1993). Japan as western text: Roland Barthes, Richard Gordon Smith, and

Lafcadio Hearn. Comparative Literature Studies, 30, 188-204.

ReferencesReferences

References:References:Newspapers, Magazines, Journals & the InternetNewspapers, Magazines, Journals & the Internet

Greenspan, A. (2002). Macroeconomic stability, financial Greenspan, A. (2002). Macroeconomic stability, financial markets, & economic developmentmarkets, & economic development.. Retrieved Oct Retrieved Oct

28, 28, 2004, 2004, from from

http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches. speeches.

Pfaff, W. (1995). A new colonialism? Pfaff, W. (1995). A new colonialism? Foreign Affairs, 81Foreign Affairs, 81,,

27-5427-54. .

Farrell, C. (2004). Capitalism’s savior. Farrell, C. (2004). Capitalism’s savior. Business Week,Business Week,

38783878, 20., 20.

Citations:Citations:Newspapers, Magazines, Journals & the InternetNewspapers, Magazines, Journals & the Internet

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects social Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects social status. status. The Washington The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.Post, pp. A1, A4.

Pogue, P. & Lee, V. (1999). Providing public access to the Pogue, P. & Lee, V. (1999). Providing public access to the shore: The role of coastal zone management programsshore: The role of coastal zone management programs. . Coastal ManagementCoastal Management,, 27 27,, 219-237.219-237.

Citations with Missing Data:Citations with Missing Data:Newspapers, Magazines, Journals & the InternetNewspapers, Magazines, Journals & the Internet

Schools of business: The top schools. (2006). Schools of business: The top schools. (2006). U.S. News & U.S. News &

World ReportWorld Report, , 140140, 60., 60.

Roland Barthes (1915-1980)Roland Barthes (1915-1980). (2002).. (2002). Retrieved June 13, 2003, Retrieved June 13, 2003,

from from http://www.kirijasto.sci.fi/rabrtes.html. .

Cycles and commitment. (2004)Cycles and commitment. (2004).. EconomistEconomist, , 4545, 373, 373..

Showcasing China’s book industry to the world. (2007, Autumn). Showcasing China’s book industry to the world. (2007, Autumn).

That’s ShanghaiThat’s Shanghai, 18, 18..

Roland Barthes theoriesRoland Barthes theories. Retrieved June 13, 2003, . Retrieved June 13, 2003,

from from http://www.bartheinstitute.org/~tuttle/theory.html. .

http://www.kirijasto.sci.fi/rabrtes.html

http://www.got.net/~tuttle/theory.html




References: Basic RulesReferences: Basic RulesChecklist for APA Style:• Have you started each entry with the appropriate

pattern for the author's name [surname first, then initials]?

• Have you left spaces between the initials for each name?

[MacTavish, J. B. ]

• Have you used "&" not "and," to add the last coauthor's name?

[MacTavish, J. B. & Liu X.Y.]

• Have you included the date in each entry?

• Have you followed the sample pattern for the type of source you have used?[See the various APA style references for patterns on how to format various types of sources].

Checklist taken directly from Kennedy, Kennedy, & Muth, 2011

References: Basic RulesReferences: Basic RulesChecklist for APA Style:• Have you used capitals and italics correctly for the

various titles in your entries?

• Have you included the conventional punctuation—periods, commas, colons, parentheses—in your

entry?

• Have you accurately recorded the name of the author title, publisher, and so on? Have you checked the accuracy of dates, pages, and other numbers?[no misspellings or misinformation]

• Have you correctly typed or pasted in the [website URL, the digital object identifier (DOI)] of an electronic source?

Have you split a long URL before a period or another punctuation mark or following a slash? Have you

ended an entry without adding a final period after [an URL or DOI]?


References: Basic RulesReferences: Basic RulesChecklist for APA Style:• Have you arranged the entries in alphabetical order [and date order]?

Cameron, L. T. (1998). At the gates. Philadelphia: Renford.

Cameron, L.T. (2002). Milkshakes are free. New York: Harper-

Collins.

Cameron, M. & Malik, T. The oeuvre of Lawrence Cameron.

Literary Theory, 50, 65-82.

• Have you checked your final list of references against your text citations so that every source appears in

both places?


For Questions and More For Questions and More InformationInformation

Always consult with your teacher if you have any questions.Always consult with your teacher if you have any questions.

Reference a style guide Reference a style guide • Chicago Manual of StyleChicago Manual of Style• The Elements of StyleThe Elements of Style

Reference a Publication ManualReference a Publication Manual• MLA (Used for English classes at SUFE)MLA (Used for English classes at SUFE)

Consult one of the numerous websites of universities and Consult one of the numerous websites of universities and other organizations: other organizations:

OWL APA Formatting and Style Guide from Purdue OWL APA Formatting and Style Guide from Purdue University:University:http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

Practice Reference Answers #1Practice Reference Answers #1

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the livingBernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living

web. web. A List Apart: For People Who Make A List Apart: For People Who Make

Websites, 149Websites, 149. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://http://

www.alistapart.com/articles/writelivingwww.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving


Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to APA guide to

preparing manuscripts for journal publication. preparing manuscripts for journal publication.

Washington, DC: American Psychological Washington, DC: American Psychological

Association.Association.


Cummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The Cummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The

quality of online social relationships. quality of online social relationships.

Communications of the ACM, 45 Communications of the ACM, 45 (7), 103-108(7), 103-108..


Barthes, R. (1970). Barthes, R. (1970). Empire of signsEmpire of signs. New York: . New York:

Hill & Wang.Hill & Wang.


Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry

handbook linked to drug industry. handbook linked to drug industry. The New York The New York

Times. Times. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com.http://www.nytimes.com.


De Huff, E. W. (2010). De Huff, E. W. (2010). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Taytay’s tales: Traditional

Pueblo Indian tales. Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://Retrieved from http://

digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.htmltaytay.html


Berndt, T. J. (1981). Effects of friendship on Berndt, T. J. (1981). Effects of friendship on

prosocial intentions and behavior. prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Child

Development, 52, Development, 52, 636-643636-643..


Funk, R. & Kolln, M. (1998). Funk, R. & Kolln, M. (1998). Understanding EnglishUnderstanding English

grammargrammar. Needham, MA: Allyn and Bacon.. Needham, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Midterm Homework #4Midterm Homework #4

Create an APA-style reference page Create an APA-style reference page with:with:

• at least 5 of your paper’s sources at least 5 of your paper’s sources (for the final you will need to include all (for the final you will need to include all

of your sources)of your sources)

• page should be typed, double-spacedpage should be typed, double-spaced

• follow APA format follow APA format (indent, alphabetize, APA style entries)(indent, alphabetize, APA style entries)

DUE next week at the beginning of classDUE next week at the beginning of class

Midterm Homework #4Midterm Homework #4

Create an APA-style reference page Create an APA-style reference page with:with:

• at least 5 of your paper’s sources at least 5 of your paper’s sources (for the final you will need to include all (for the final you will need to include all

of your sources)of your sources)

• page should be typed, double-spacedpage should be typed, double-spaced

• follow APA format follow APA format (indent, alphabetize, APA style entries)(indent, alphabetize, APA style entries)

DUE next week at the beginning of classDUE next week at the beginning of class

Midterm Homework #4Midterm Homework #4Your page should look like this:Your page should look like this:

Creating a Reference Page: Creating a Reference Page: The Easy WayThe Easy Way

http://citationcenter.net/http://citationcenter.net/

End of the Semester ScheduleEnd of the Semester Schedule

Next Week, Next Week, Tuesday, June 1Tuesday, June 1st:st:

Midterm 4 APA Midterm 4 APA reference page duereference page due

Draft essays returnedDraft essays returned

Tuesday, June 8Tuesday, June 8thth: Final essays due: Final essays due Midterm 4 APA reference page Midterm 4 APA reference page returned returned

LAST CLASS: Sunday, June 13LAST CLASS: Sunday, June 13thth

Final essay reference page dueFinal essay reference page due