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This presentation describes how we produced a serious of games that enabled the citizens of San José, CA to directly prioritize key budget issues in a way that allowed their elected officials to act on the results.
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Fixing Broke(n) Governments Through Serious Games
Luke HohmannFounder and CEO
Twitter: #innovgames
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What I promised In My Session Description
• What is the latest in serious games and what kinds of public problems are they solving?
• Why are games a particularly good tool for budgeting? What leverage do they offer over other alternative budgeting approaches like deliberative democracy, participatory budgeting, or majority voting through polls?
• How can serious budget games be scaled up? What are the challenges we face in expanding play to thousands or millions?
• How do we interpret the results of budget games and how can elected officials act on these results?
• How do we measure the impact of budget games? What are their long term effects on civic engagement and the financial sustainability of communities?
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Games Solve Problems Through Play
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Interaction Rules
Arbitrary Constraints
Jane McGonigal“Games have
four elements…”
VoluntaryParticipation
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Serious Games are Designed To Solve “Serious” Problems
• Advergames: Get you to buy stuff.• Edutainment: Get you to learn stuff and have
fun. • Newsgames: Journalistic games motivated by
current events.• Simulations: Learn / explore. • Exergaming: Get to you to be healthy.
• Innovation Games®: Serious games for strategy, market research, portfolio mgmt.
And even more…
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What Are Innovation Games®
Innovation Games® are purpose-driven games that solve a wide range of product strategy and management problems across the market lifecycle.
They are played: • with customers & internal stakeholders• In small groups of 5 to 8 people• online or in-person• in single or multi-game formats
Some of our many games..
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Used and Endorsed By:
Manage Strategic
Roadmaps
StrategicPlanning
Determine Product Interactions
DetermineStrategicAccountPriorities
PrioritizeProject
Portfolios
Identify ProductEnhancements
Prioritize Epics
NPD
PrioritizeFeatures
Market Insights
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What was the “real” problem?
Find ways to…- Raise taxes- Cut programs- Increase efficiency
PrioritizationDetermine voter priorities on key issues and act on them.
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Prioritization Games
20/20 VisionPrioritize desired benefits, values, goals.
Prune the Product TreeDevelop great roadmaps.
Buy a FeatureUse a virtual market toprioritize features, projects, items.
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• 12 to 20 items described in terms of benefits and costs
• 5 to 8 players given limited budget and buy what they want
Buy a Feature
Produces these Results
1. …2. …3. …4. …
A list of items ranked by your players.
The reasons behind the ranking.
Feedback that shapes and improves the items.
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Creating Budget Games From Buy a Feature
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Click on the images to link to PDFs of these documents.
To get money to fund a Proposal…Citizens must reach unanimous agreement on reduction
proposals or new taxes.
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2011: Proposals Funded
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Proposals Funded: By Table(total 12 tables)
# % Table A
Table B
Table C
Table D
Table E
Table F
Table G
Table H
Table I
Table J
Table K
Table L
Anti-graffiti 9 75% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Branch Libraries 7 58% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Children's Health Initiative 7 58% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Christmas in the Park 2 17% 1 1 Citywide Traffic Safety Services 5 42% 1 1 1 1 1Crossing Guards 1 8% 1 General Code Enforcement 10 83% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1HNVF Community Based Orgs 2 17% 1 1 Holiday Parade 1 8% 1 Hub Community Centers 7 58% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1MLK Library 3 25% 1 1 1 Park Rangers 5 42% 1 1 1 1 1 Park Restrooms 6 50% 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pavement Maintenance 10 83% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Safe Schools Campus Initiative (SSCI) 8 67% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1San Jose Best CBO 8 67% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Streetlights 7 58% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Strong Neighborhoods Initiative 8 67% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total : 12 5 9 5 10 6 8 10 9 9 15 8
San José citizens chose Pavement Maintence
OVER Libraries.
Yes, that’s radical.
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Producing a Game… Not Always Fun…
• Planning our 1st game took 3 months• City staff were very enthusiastic, but it took
time and coaching to convert “Reduce police costs by xx% to save $1.2M” to “Eliminate the Police Helicopter Program to save $1.2M”
• Play testing was essential• Developing branded
money was fun• City provided space
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Who Played?San José residents, Neighborhood Associations Leaders and the Youth Commission, carefully balanced across the tables.Subject Matter Experts answered questions. Who Facilitated?
More than 35 trained facilitators contributed >$125K in pro-bono services.
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Key Results?
• The City made many budget choices in alignment with our games• Reductions in Fire Department staffing• Reductions in Police Department staffing• Delays in libraries and elimination of services• Funding of key proposals
• Citizens loved the process
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Pushing The Boundaries in 2012
We tested new taxes(“new revenues”)
We tested “buy one or none”proposals
Each table could add ONE new funding proposal.
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2012 Results Summary: Cost-Savings and Revenue Generation
Reductions/Cost Savings Proposal Amount A B C D E F G H I J K # of Tables % of TablesA. 1/4 cent sales tax $ 36,000,000 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 55%B. Shift TOT Arts Funding to General Fund $ 2,100,000 1 1 9%C. Shift TOT Convention Center Marketing Funding to General Fund $ 2,100,000 1 1 2 18%D. Business Tax Adjustment $ 10,000,000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 64%E. Disposal Facility Tax $ 5,000,000 1 1 1 1 1 5 45%F. Eliminate Overtime for Fair Labor Standards Act $ 1,200,000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 73%G. Workers Compensation and Disability Retirement System Reform $ 2,000,000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 64%I. Reduce Staffing in Engine Companies from 4 to 3 $ 16,600,000 1 1 1 3 27%J. Children's Health Initiative $ 1,000,000 0 0%K. Close Park Restrooms $ 500,000 1 1 9%L. Eliminate Park Ranger Program $ 500,000 0 0%
Parcel TaxAA. $100 Parcel Tax $ 32,000,000 1 1 1 1 1 5 45%BB. $200 Parcel Tax $ 64,000,000 1 1 2 18%
How many revenue-generating proposals did this table choose? 0 2 2 2 1 1 4 3 4 3 3
Revenue generating proposals are shown in this color.
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2012 Results Summary: Funding Proposals Summary Results are sorted based on purchase frequency
Funding Proposal Price Purchase Count?14. Gang Prevention Efforts $2,900,000 1110. General Code Enforcement $500,000 109. Restore Park Ranger Program $2,200,000 919. Neighborhood & School Traffic Safety $600,000 91. Hub Community Center $900,000 82. Satellite & Neighborhood Community Centers $600,000 86. Open Bascom & Seven Trees Libraries $1,600,000 87. Open Calabazas & Educational Park Branch Libraries $1,600,000 85. MLK Library Services Restoration $500,000 711. Traffic Safety Improvements $1,500,000 73. Branch Library Hours 4-4.5 $1,700,000 68. Open Bascom Community Center $600,000 617. Pavement Maintenance: Maintain FAIR Neighborhood Streets $32,000,000 64. Branch Library Hours 4-5.5 $4,700,000 412. Police Field Patrol: 40 positions $7,500,000 413. Police Field Patrol: 80 positions $15,000,000 415. Temporary Fire Company Closures (Brown-outs) $5,400,000 416. Open South San José Police Substation $2,400,000 418. Pavement Maintenance: Improve from FAIR to GOOD Neighborhood Streets $64,000,000 2Citizen Proposed ProjectsW1. Medical Marijuana Improvement Program $2,500,000 1W2. Bike Lanes/Table Proposal $900,000 1W3. Elementary Public School in Meadowfair $2,000,000 1W4. Boards and Commissions $250,000 1W5. Spartan Keys Alleyways Repair $750,000 1
8 tables funded police field patrol.
8 tables funded pavement maintenance. 7 through a parcel tax, 1 through the sales tax.
10 tables funded increasing branch
library hours.
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Analysis / Interpretation of ResultsAlso informed by the review of Facilitator and Observer Comments
• Gang prevention and other forms of “non-police” intervention to increase the safety and “livability” of the city were top priorities.
• Participants demonstrated a strong desire to increase revenues (raise taxes) to improve pavement conditions.
• Tables that enacted the sales tax spent significantly less money on funding proposals than was available, with an average of $12,000,000 of unspent funds. We interpret this as a clear signal that participants favor a prudent and measured approach to budgeting and spending even when a proportionally large sum of money is available.
• Participants generated five unique funding proposals that are detailed later in this report.
• Participants expressed a strong desire for additional game-based sessions focused on “growing” the City.
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Why Are Budget Games Better Than Budget Puzzles?
Dimension Budget Puzzles Budget Games
Producers Goals? Educate the public. Make budget cuts.
Players Goals? Explore and learn. Buy what you want.
How do you “win”? Balance the budget. N/A – You don’t “win”.
Nature of play? Solitary. Collaborative.
Impact of choices? None. “Being silly is OK”. Significant. “Being silly is NOT OK”.
In-person or online Online. In-person. (Future: online).
Biases? A tie. All techniques have inherent bias. See web site for details.
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We Have Many Opportunities to Improve
• Improve preparation• Distribute proposals in advance• Solicit citizen-proposals in advance
• Use more technology • During the event to scale• Provide real-time results
• Create more opportunities to continue the conversations
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Possible Follow-up Innovation Games®
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Prune the Product Tree
Buy A Feature Online
Prune the Product Tree
Product Box
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Prune the Product Tree
Understand the evolution of your offering.
• Draw a tree.• Add current ideas from your
roadmap as leaves and apples.• 5 to 8 stakeholders shape the
“growth” of your offering.• Captures very rich information
about perceptions of the future, timing of new concepts, balance, and relationships among ideas.
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Community Growth Games (In Planning)
Prune the Product Tree
OnlineTo identify community
service projects.
Community leaders and city officials will shape ideas into projects.
Buy a Feature OnlineWill be used to “fund”
the projects. Citizens will publicly commit their time to projects. “Funded”
projects will receive seed money from the city.
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Engaging Millions of Americans• Our platforms work well for business. They need
enhancements to work for goverments.• Enrollment and Authentication: Are you a registered
voter in the right jurisdiction?• Anonymity: Can you participate in a game in a way
that preserves you free speech? (very hard)• Coordinating Massive Numbers of Players: We need
improved designs for players, SMEs, facilitators.• Minimizing bias: We need a “wikipedia” for the
content within the games to minimize bias.
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What About Participatory Budgeting?
Participatory budgeting is a process of democratic deliberation and decision-making, and a type of participatory democracy, in which ordinary people decide how to allocate part of a municipal or public budget. Participatory budgeting allows citizens to identify, discuss, and prioritize public spending projects, and gives them the power to make real decisions about how money is spent.
Thanks, Wikipedia
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Can One Company Do This?
YES• Global network of trained
facilitators continue to grow• Proven results in many non-
profit endeavors• City leaders are gaining
trust in us and “games”
NO• We’re a bootstrapped
startup. We can’t fund all the changes we need on our own and (so far) funding organizations have rejected our proposals
To improve our chances for success we will be creating a non-profit in 2012 to focus on increasing civic engagement through games.
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Why Innovation Games®?
• Game playing gives “permission” to be fully creative
• Innovation Games® utilize multiple formsof intelligence (verbal, visual, strategic) thereby providing greater volumes of information
• Collaborative behavior & shared goals are fun• Some games provide wonderful player artwork
that help spur the larger organization to action• Collaborative play != consensus
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Our Core Team
• Luke Hohmann, CEO & Founder• CEO & Founder, Enthiosys• VP Engineering, Aurigin Systems• 1982 US National Junior Pairs
Figure Skating Champion
• Laura Richardson, VP Sales• Managing Partner, Uptime• Dir. Business Dev., E-Color• Little League Ump & Tough
Mudder Competitor
• Dan O’Leary, CTO• VP Engineering, Callidus Software• Staff Engineer, Sun Microsystems• Fender Stratocaster Devotee
• Tami Carter, VP Marketing• GM Tech Web/SD Events• Managing Editor, UBM• Poet, Lifeguard & Coal Miner’s
Daughter
• Sue Cook, VP Prof. Services• Owner, Spearfish Innovation• VP Global Operations, HP• Co-Founder Mont Blanc Ladies
Literary Guild and Trekking Society
Advisors & Investors:• Verne Harnish, Founder & CEO, Gazelles• Paul Gemeraad, President of Intellectual Assets, Inc.• Chris Matts, Financial Systems Consultant• Harry Max, Vice President of Experience Design for Rackspace
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The Book That Started It All
Collaborative PlayIs the Better Way
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Luke HohmannFounder & CEO, Conteneo, Inc.
480 San Antonio Road, Suite 202Mountain View, CA 94040mobile: (408) [email protected]
