Fingerprint Recognition Represented by:Represented by: Karam ButtKaram Butt Rana YasirRana Yasir Tahzeeb AhmadTahzeeb AhmadPresented to:Presented to: Mam IqraMam Iqra

OUTLINEOUTLINE

• Introduction to biometricsIntroduction to biometrics

• FingerprintFingerprint

• What is Fingerprint Recognition?What is Fingerprint Recognition?

• Fingerprint recognition system Fingerprint recognition system

• AdvantagesAdvantages

• DisadvantagesDisadvantages

• ApplicationsApplications

• ConclusionConclusion

BIOMETRICSBIOMETRICS

• Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and analyzing biological dataand analyzing biological data

• Biometrics refers to technologies that measure and Biometrics refers to technologies that measure and analyze human body characteristics, such as DNA, analyze human body characteristics, such as DNA, fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice patterns ,facial patterns and hand measurements, for patterns ,facial patterns and hand measurements, for authentication purposes. authentication purposes.

• The two categories of biometric identifiers include :The two categories of biometric identifiers include :physiological characteristics.physiological characteristics.behavioral characteristics.behavioral characteristics.

PhysiologicalPhysiological characteristics : characteristics :FingerprintFingerprint face recognitionface recognitionDNADNApalm printpalm printhand geometryhand geometry iris recognition(which has largely replaced retina)iris recognition(which has largely replaced retina)Odour /scent.Odour /scent.

BehavioralBehavioral characteristics : characteristics :GaitGaitvoicevoice

FINGERPRINT FINGERPRINT • A fingerprint is the feature pattern of one finger.A fingerprint is the feature pattern of one finger.• It is the pattern of ridges and valleys (also called It is the pattern of ridges and valleys (also called

furrows in the fingerprint literature) on the surface of a furrows in the fingerprint literature) on the surface of a fingertip.fingertip.

• Each individual has unique fingerprints so the Each individual has unique fingerprints so the uniqueness of a fingerprint is exclusively determined uniqueness of a fingerprint is exclusively determined by the local ridge characteristics and their by the local ridge characteristics and their relationshipsrelationships

• These local ridge characteristics are not evenly These local ridge characteristics are not evenly distributed.distributed.

• Fingerprints are distinguished by Minutiae, which are some abnormal points on the ridges.Fingerprints are distinguished by Minutiae, which are some abnormal points on the ridges.

• The two most prominent local ridge characteristics, called minutiae, areThe two most prominent local ridge characteristics, called minutiae, are1) ridge ending and1) ridge ending and2) ridge bifurcation.2) ridge bifurcation.

Fig 1. A fingerprint image acquired by an Optical Sensor

• A ridge ending is defined as the point where a ridge A ridge ending is defined as the point where a ridge ends abruptly. ends abruptly.

• A ridge bifurcation is defined as the point whereA ridge bifurcation is defined as the point wherea ridge forks or diverges into branch ridges.a ridge forks or diverges into branch ridges.

Fig 2.ridge and valley

WHAT IS FINGERPRINT WHAT IS FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION?RECOGNITION?

• Fingerprint recognition (sometimes referred to as Fingerprint recognition (sometimes referred to as dactyloscopy) is the process of comparing questioned dactyloscopy) is the process of comparing questioned and known fingerprint against another fingerprint to and known fingerprint against another fingerprint to determine if the impressions are from the same finger determine if the impressions are from the same finger or palm. or palm.

• The fingerprint recognition problem can be grouped The fingerprint recognition problem can be grouped into two sub-domains: into two sub-domains:

Fingerprint verification : Fingerprint verification : Fingerprint verification is to verify the authenticity of Fingerprint verification is to verify the authenticity of one person by his fingerprint.one person by his fingerprint.

Fingerprint identification:Fingerprint identification:Fingerprint identification is to specify one person’s Fingerprint identification is to specify one person’s identity by his fingerprint(s).identity by his fingerprint(s).

Fig 3.Verification vs. Identification

FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION

SYSTEM SYSTEM

• Fingerprint recognition system operates in three Fingerprint recognition system operates in three stages:stages:

(i) Fingerprint acquiring device(i) Fingerprint acquiring device (ii) Minutia extraction and (ii) Minutia extraction and (iii) Minutia matching(iii) Minutia matching

Fig 4. Fingerprint recognition system

1.Fingerprint acquisition:1.Fingerprint acquisition:

For fingerprint acquisition, optical or semi-conduct For fingerprint acquisition, optical or semi-conduct sensors are widely used. They have high efficiency sensors are widely used. They have high efficiency and acceptable accuracy except for some cases that and acceptable accuracy except for some cases that the user’s finger is too dirty or dry.the user’s finger is too dirty or dry.

2.Minutia extractor :2.Minutia extractor :

To implement a minutia extractor, a three-stage To implement a minutia extractor, a three-stage approach is widely used by researchers which areapproach is widely used by researchers which are

preprocessingpreprocessing minutia extraction and minutia extraction and post processing stage.post processing stage.

Fig 5.Minutia extractor

• For the fingerprint image preprocessing stage:For the fingerprint image preprocessing stage: Image enhancement Image enhancement Image binarizationImage binarization Image segmentationImage segmentation

• The job of minutiae extraction closes down to two The job of minutiae extraction closes down to two operations: Ridge Thinning, Minutiae Marking,.operations: Ridge Thinning, Minutiae Marking,.

• In post-processing stage, false minutia are removed In post-processing stage, false minutia are removed and bifurcations is proposed to unify terminations and and bifurcations is proposed to unify terminations and bifurcations.bifurcations.

3.Minutiae Matching:3.Minutiae Matching:

• Generally, an automatic fingerprint verification is Generally, an automatic fingerprint verification is achieved with minutia matching (point pattern achieved with minutia matching (point pattern matching)instead of a pixel-wise matching or a ridge matching)instead of a pixel-wise matching or a ridge pattern matching of fingerprint images.pattern matching of fingerprint images.

• The minutia matcher chooses any two minutia as a The minutia matcher chooses any two minutia as a reference minutia pair and then match their reference minutia pair and then match their associated ridges first. associated ridges first.

• If the ridges match well, two fingerprint images are If the ridges match well, two fingerprint images are aligned and matching is conducted for all remaining aligned and matching is conducted for all remaining minutia.minutia.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Very high accuracy.Very high accuracy. Easy to use.Easy to use. Small storage space required for the biometric Small storage space required for the biometric

template.template.  

DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Dirt , grime and wounds .Dirt , grime and wounds . Placement of finger.Placement of finger. Can be spoofed .Can be spoofed .

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS Banking Security - ATM security, card transactionBanking Security - ATM security, card transaction Physical Access Control (e.g. Airport)Physical Access Control (e.g. Airport) Information System SecurityInformation System Security National ID SystemsNational ID Systems Passport control (INSPASS)Passport control (INSPASS) Prisoner, prison visitors, inmate controlPrisoner, prison visitors, inmate control VotingVoting Identification of CriminalsIdentification of Criminals Identification of missing childrenIdentification of missing children Secure E-Commerce (Still under research)Secure E-Commerce (Still under research)

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

• The implemented minutia extraction algorithm is The implemented minutia extraction algorithm is accurate and fast in minutia extraction.accurate and fast in minutia extraction.

• The algorithm also identifies the unrecoverable The algorithm also identifies the unrecoverable corrupted regions in the fingerprint and removes them corrupted regions in the fingerprint and removes them from further processing.from further processing.

• This is a very important property because such This is a very important property because such unrecoverable regions do appear in some of the unrecoverable regions do appear in some of the corrupted fingerprint images and they are extremely corrupted fingerprint images and they are extremely harmful to minutiae extraction.harmful to minutiae extraction.