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Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis

Fellmann11e ch6

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Page 1: Fellmann11e ch6

Human Geography

Jerome D. FellmannMark BjellandArthur GetisJudith Getis

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Human Geography

Chapter 6Ethnic Geography:

Threads of Diversity

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© Jenny Matthews/Panos Pictures

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Human Geography 11e

Ethnic Geography• The study of the

multiple movements, diffusion, migrations, and mixings of people of different origins

• The study of spatial distributions and interactions of ethnic groups

• Cultural characteristics of ethnic groups and the influences underlying them

• How the built environment reflects the imprint of various ethnic groups

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Human Geography 11e

Ethnic Diversity and Separatism

• Ethnicity– A derived from the

Greek word ethnos, meaning a “people” or “nation”

– The summary term of identification assigned to a large group of people recognized as sharing the traits of a distinctive common culture

- Always based on a firm understanding by members of a group that they are in some fundamental ways different from others who do not share their cultural heritage

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Human Geography 11e

Ethnic Diversity and Separatism

• Ethnocentrism– The feeling the

one’s ethnic group is superior

– Can divide multiethnic societies by establishing rivalries

• Ethnic Cleansing– Efforts to make

ethnically homogeneous geographic regions through the forcible displacement of individuals belonging to particular ethnic groups.

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Human Geography 11e

Ethnic Diversity• Race

– Humans are all one species and biologists have rejected race as a meaningful way to describe human variation

– Persists as an idea and basis for group identity and differentiation

• Racism– Prejudice and

discrimination based on racial categories

– Is very much alive

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Human Geography 11e

Immigration Streams

• United States’ Immigrant Waves:– Followed much earlier Amerindian

arrivals– First wave – lasting from pioneer

settlement to about 1870; made up of two different groups:• Western and Northern Europeans• Africans brought involuntarily to America

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Human Geography 11e

Immigration Streams– Second wave – from

1870 to 1914, was heavily weighted in favor of eastern and southern Europeans

– Third wave – from 1960s until present; the product of more liberal immigrant regulations; acceptance of newcomers from Latin America, Asia, and Africa

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© Comstock Images RF

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Human Geography 11e

Acculturation and Assimilation

• Amalgamation Theory– The traditional “melting pot” concept of the

merging of many immigrant ethnic heritages into a composite American mainstream

– Has more recently been rejected by many as unrealistic in light of current widespread social and cultural tensions

• Acculturation– Adoption by the immigrants of the values,

attitudes, ways of behavior, and speech of the receiving society

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Human Geography 11e

Assimilation

• Assimilation– When integration is

complete– Behavioral (or

cultural) assimilation implies integration into a common cultural life through shared experience, language, intermarriage, and sense of history

– Structural assimilation refers to the fusion of immigrant ethnics with the groups, social systems, and occupations of the host society• Adoption of

common attitudes and values of the host society

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Human Geography 11e

Areal Expressions of Ethnicity

• Charter Cultures• Ethnic Clusters• Black Dispersions• Hispanic

Concentrations• Asian Contrasts• Immigrant Gateways

and Clusters• French Uniformity

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Human Geography 11e

Areal Expressions of Ethnicity

• Ethnic islands are dispersed areas of ethnic concentration in the countryside

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Human Geography 11e

Areal Expressions of Ethnicity

• Cluster migration: – Groups of

immigrants acting in concert

– Placed enduring marks in the landscape

• Chain migration: – Assemblage in one

area of the relatives, friends, and compatriots of the first arrivals

• Ethnic Provinces– Larger than

the distinctive ethnic islands

– The African American Southeast

– Native American Oklahoma and the Northern Great Plains

– Extensive regional units

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Human Geography 11e

Urban Ethnic Diversity and Segregation

• External Controls• Internal Controls• Shifting Ethnic Concentrations• Typologies and Spatial Results• Native-Born Dispersals

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Human Geography 11e

Urban Ethnic Diversity and Segregation

• Ghetto– When the ethnic cluster is perpetuated by

external constraints and discriminatory actions– An involuntary community

• Ethnic Enclave– A voluntary neighborhood– Occupants choose to preserve the ethnic

cluster– Internal cohesiveness of the group– Desire to maintain an enduring ethnic

neighborhood

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Human Geography 11e

Cultural Transfer

• Interacting Influences• Culture Rebound

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Human Geography 11e

The Ethnic Landscape

• Land Survey• Settlement Patterns• Ethnic Regionalism