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Human Geography
Jerome D. FellmannMark BjellandArthur GetisJudith Getis
Human Geography
Chapter 6Ethnic Geography:
Threads of Diversity
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© Jenny Matthews/Panos Pictures
Human Geography 11e
Ethnic Geography• The study of the
multiple movements, diffusion, migrations, and mixings of people of different origins
• The study of spatial distributions and interactions of ethnic groups
• Cultural characteristics of ethnic groups and the influences underlying them
• How the built environment reflects the imprint of various ethnic groups
Human Geography 11e
Ethnic Diversity and Separatism
• Ethnicity– A derived from the
Greek word ethnos, meaning a “people” or “nation”
– The summary term of identification assigned to a large group of people recognized as sharing the traits of a distinctive common culture
- Always based on a firm understanding by members of a group that they are in some fundamental ways different from others who do not share their cultural heritage
Human Geography 11e
Ethnic Diversity and Separatism
• Ethnocentrism– The feeling the
one’s ethnic group is superior
– Can divide multiethnic societies by establishing rivalries
• Ethnic Cleansing– Efforts to make
ethnically homogeneous geographic regions through the forcible displacement of individuals belonging to particular ethnic groups.
Human Geography 11e
Ethnic Diversity• Race
– Humans are all one species and biologists have rejected race as a meaningful way to describe human variation
– Persists as an idea and basis for group identity and differentiation
• Racism– Prejudice and
discrimination based on racial categories
– Is very much alive
Human Geography 11e
Immigration Streams
• United States’ Immigrant Waves:– Followed much earlier Amerindian
arrivals– First wave – lasting from pioneer
settlement to about 1870; made up of two different groups:• Western and Northern Europeans• Africans brought involuntarily to America
Human Geography 11e
Immigration Streams– Second wave – from
1870 to 1914, was heavily weighted in favor of eastern and southern Europeans
– Third wave – from 1960s until present; the product of more liberal immigrant regulations; acceptance of newcomers from Latin America, Asia, and Africa
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© Comstock Images RF
Human Geography 11e
Acculturation and Assimilation
• Amalgamation Theory– The traditional “melting pot” concept of the
merging of many immigrant ethnic heritages into a composite American mainstream
– Has more recently been rejected by many as unrealistic in light of current widespread social and cultural tensions
• Acculturation– Adoption by the immigrants of the values,
attitudes, ways of behavior, and speech of the receiving society
Human Geography 11e
Assimilation
• Assimilation– When integration is
complete– Behavioral (or
cultural) assimilation implies integration into a common cultural life through shared experience, language, intermarriage, and sense of history
– Structural assimilation refers to the fusion of immigrant ethnics with the groups, social systems, and occupations of the host society• Adoption of
common attitudes and values of the host society
Human Geography 11e
Areal Expressions of Ethnicity
• Charter Cultures• Ethnic Clusters• Black Dispersions• Hispanic
Concentrations• Asian Contrasts• Immigrant Gateways
and Clusters• French Uniformity
Human Geography 11e
Areal Expressions of Ethnicity
• Ethnic islands are dispersed areas of ethnic concentration in the countryside
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Human Geography 11e
Areal Expressions of Ethnicity
• Cluster migration: – Groups of
immigrants acting in concert
– Placed enduring marks in the landscape
• Chain migration: – Assemblage in one
area of the relatives, friends, and compatriots of the first arrivals
• Ethnic Provinces– Larger than
the distinctive ethnic islands
– The African American Southeast
– Native American Oklahoma and the Northern Great Plains
– Extensive regional units
Human Geography 11e
Urban Ethnic Diversity and Segregation
• External Controls• Internal Controls• Shifting Ethnic Concentrations• Typologies and Spatial Results• Native-Born Dispersals
Human Geography 11e
Urban Ethnic Diversity and Segregation
• Ghetto– When the ethnic cluster is perpetuated by
external constraints and discriminatory actions– An involuntary community
• Ethnic Enclave– A voluntary neighborhood– Occupants choose to preserve the ethnic
cluster– Internal cohesiveness of the group– Desire to maintain an enduring ethnic
neighborhood
Human Geography 11e
Cultural Transfer
• Interacting Influences• Culture Rebound
Human Geography 11e
The Ethnic Landscape
• Land Survey• Settlement Patterns• Ethnic Regionalism