19
Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis

Fellmann11e ch5

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography

Jerome D. FellmannMark BjellandArthur GetisJudith Getis

Page 2: Fellmann11e ch5

Human GeographyChapter 5

Language and Religion:

Mosaics of Culture

Page 3: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

The Classification of Languages

• Language• Language Families• Subfamilies,

branches, or groups

• Protolanguage– Ancestral tongue

• Genetic Classification– Classification of

languages by origin and historical relationship

Page 4: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

World Pattern of Languages

• Language Spread– Different forms of diffusion

•Relocation–Culture is transported

•Hierarchical–Status

•Expansion–With partial or total acculturation of

the adopting population

Page 5: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Language Change• English

– Gradual and cumulative changes– Before the 18th century, the English

language gained thousands of words from the Latin, Greek, and French languages

– After the discovery and colonization of new lands, aboriginal American, Australian, and African names were adopted

Page 6: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Standard and Variant Languages

• Standard Language– Came from the

dialect of the most powerful and prestigious

• Dialects– Social dialects– Vernacular

language– Geographic or

regional dialects

• Linguistic geography- Isogloss

• Pidgins and Creoles– Amalgam of languages– Simplified form

• Lingua Franca– Language of trade – Second language

• Official Languages– The required language

of instruction, government and public activities

Page 7: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 10e

Page 8: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Language, Territoriality, and Identity

• Recognition and Autonomy Insert figure 5.15

Photo by Mark Bjellend

Page 9: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Language on the Landscape: Toponymy

• Toponyms– Place names

• Toponymy– The study of place names

Page 10: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Classification of Religion

• Impact on Culture• Classification of Religion

– Monotheism and Polytheism

• Classification based on religion’s distribution and patterns and processes of diffusion:– Universalizing Religions– Ethnic Religions– Tribal or Traditional Religions

Page 11: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Patterns and Flows

• The World Pattern

Page 12: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Patterns and Flows

• Diffusion

Insert figure 5.20

Page 13: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

The Principal Religions

• Judaism• Christianity

– Regions and landscapes of Christianity

• Islam• Hinduism• Buddhism• East Asian Ethnic Religions

Page 14: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Judaism• Ethnic religion• Middle East origins• Diaspora• Two separate branches

of Judaism developed in Europe during the Middle Ages:– Sephardim (Iberian

Peninsula)– Ashkenazim (Eastern

Europe)

• Zionism– The belief in the

need to create an autonomous Jewish state in Palestine

Page 15: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Christianity• Universalizing• Middle East origins• Diffusion

– Expansion– Hierarchical

• From provincial capitals to smaller settlements

– Contagious– Relocation

• European Imperialism• Schism

– Divided Medieval Christendom into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Roman) branches

• Protestant Reformation• Landscapes of Christianity

© Corbis RF

Page 16: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Islam

• Universalizing• Middle East origin• Holy book: Koran• Five pillars• Diffusion• Sunni & Shi’ite

Sects

• Five Pillars– Profession of faith– Prayers– Giving of alms– Fasting during the

holy month of Ramadan

– Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca

Page 17: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Islam

© Photodisc/Getty RF

Page 18: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Hinduism

• World’s oldest major religion• Ethnic religion• South Asia origins• Diffusion• Caste• Reincarnation• Karma

Page 19: Fellmann11e ch5

Human Geography 11e

Buddhism• Universalizing• South Asia Origins• Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha• Sects

– Theravada– Mahayana– Vajrayana

• Diffusion