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Importance of cassava in East and Southern Africa,Postharvest Issues,Factors contributing to poor quality & safety of products,cassava's value chain,Assessment of quality and safety of products from mechanized and traditional processing,Quality management guidelines for cassava and training of processors,Tanzania Assessment of value chain and actors’ performance,Determinants of profitability and overall success of village processing units
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
…., the task is too difficult for them
Women and children are here,
where are the men?
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Exploring best options for the inclusion of
rural poor in cassava value chain: lessons
from small-scale cassava processing in
East and Southern Africa
Abass Adebayo
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Stable yield even during harsh weather
Stores well underground
Suitable for piecemeal harvesting – Household food security
Many varieties (improved) are tolerant to diseases
An ideal crop for food security
An export crop in the past (Madagascar, Tanzania, Uganda)
An up-and-coming industrial raw material (Zambia, Tanzania,
Madagascar)
Importance of cassava in ESA
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
FAOSTAT, 2011
Production (million MT)
Yield (tons/ha)
Production and yield, 2008
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
8.8
9.0
11.4
10.1
13.5
16.3
31.6
18.4
Southern Africa
Eastern Africa
Central Africa
Western Africa
Africa
South America
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Yield (tons/ha)
Low yield = Lack of global competitiveness
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Postharvest Issues
Storage of harvested roots Processing
1. Boiling/Roasting/Frying
2. Hand grating/pounding of fresh roots
3. Fermentation Heap fermentation Soaking
4. Pounding of dried chips to flour
5. Sun-drying
Storage of dried cassava
Pounding
Drying
Postharvest methods
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
High labor input
Long processing time
Small output
High postharvest loss
High contamination: poor quality & safety
Knowledge of processing machinery
fabrication – developing
Scale-up problems for processing/ lack of
examples for the private sector to follow.
Postharvest constraints
Women do the hard work
Pounding
Drying
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Use of contaminated water, or lack of it, for processing .
Most fermentation practices promote fungi growth with
potential aflatoxins contamination and discoloration
Factors contributing to poor quality & safety of products
Drying
Soaking
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Occasional inadequate processing methods
o Short-cuts
o Repeated use of soak water
Contamination during storage
Unhygienic handling, transportation and trading practices
HandlingStorage in the attics
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Low yield + high labor for processing+
Poor product quality & safety
= Low market price
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
-200.0
-150.0
-100.0
-50.0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
Production Processing Production and Processing
US$
/far
me
r/ye
ar
Southern zone Eastern zone Lake zone
Profitability of traditional cassava production and
processing in Tanzania
to limit losses, farmers do not use hired labor and they allocate
land for cassava production based on available family labor
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Farmers’ coping strategy : Cassava for food and less for cash
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Southern zone Eastern zone Lake zone
Food
Sale
higher proportion of farm output is for home consumption
%
Tanzania
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Value chain activities through special projects:
IITA’s Value Chain interventions:
Formulate value addition interventions that utilize collective action to correct scale- and knowledge-related market failures
Some examples:
2003 -2007: Small scale cassava processing project - Phase I
2004/2005: CIAT/IITA – Starch Project and Livelihoods project
2009-2010: UPoCA
2009-2011: CAVA
2009 – 2013: Small scale cassava processing project - Phase II
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
…..to investigate and develop a sequence of inter-linked
agents and markets to transform cassava into products with
attributes for which consumers are prepared to pay.
Set-up value chain models…..
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Step 1: Partnership formation: NARES, selected beneficiaries/
actors along the value chain
Step 2: Value chain analysis and benchmarking
Step 3: Introduction of technologies or innovations through training
of value chain actors
End 1
Step 4: Monitoring of the value chain performance
Step 5: Evaluation or impact measurement 2
Setting-up the laboratory……. Development?
Collecting the data…..… Research
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
how cassava can be used as input for food, feed and industrial
raw material ;
what factors are associated with its passage through several
marketing or supply channels, including its transformation?
how much and at which stage of the channels value is added
to it;
how the value can be maximized at the least possible total
cost for the competitive advantage of every chain actor?
Issues of interest…..
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Train and backstop equipment manufacturers in
machinery design and fabrication
Technology introduction : Machinery
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Raised area dryingGrating/Chipping/
Pressing
High quality grits/flour
Collective action for small-scale processing :Introduce improved processing methods and related
technologies
Mechanized chipping, grating, pressing, starch extraction, raised area drying.
Delivery for industrial use
Starch settling
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
BiscuitPaper/packaging
Bread and other PastriesTraining and
In-factory testing
of cassava
Large scale bakeries
Work with industries to increase technical possibility of cassava
use in industrial processes
…to diversify
market options
for cassava
farmers
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Partnerships with national food regulatory agencies to establish the
mechanisms for verifying to consumers the quality, food safety, and/or
production methods of cassava products. The following standards are
now operational in at least 7 countries
1. Fresh (Sweet)Cassava Roots – Specification
2. Dried Cassava Chips– Specification
3. Cassava Crisps –Specification
4. Composite Flour- Specification
5. Cassava Flour – Specification
6. Cassava Starch – Specification
7. Assay for Total Cyanogens
Standards/certification (CRP2)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
*EAS 740:2010 & TZS 466: 2010 :- Cassava Flour – Specification
Microbial quality compliance test in Tanzania, 2010
Microbial tests Values Tolerance
levels*
Comment
Total plate count, cfu/g 6.7 x 104 -
Total coliforms, cfu/g 1.1 x 103 -
E. coli, cfu/g 9.3 x 101 Shall be absent Not compliant
Yeast and mould, cfu/g 2.6 x 103 103
Salmonella, cfu/g Not detected Shall be absent
Vibrio cholerea, cfu/ g Not detected -
Assessment of quality and safety of products from mechanized
and traditional processing
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Products tested Brazzaville, Congo Tanzania
Aflatoxin B1
(ppm)
Fumonisin
(ppm)
Aflatoxin B1
(ppm)
Cassava chips 0.35a 0.008a 0.28a
Cassava flour 0.31a 0.009a
Cassava chips: 4
month- storage
0.89b
Maize 1.07b 0.42b -
Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin in traditional cassava flour and chips,
2008-2009
On-going: Assessment of quality and safety of products from
traditional and mechanized processing in Tanzania, Madagascar and
Zambia
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Application of food quality and safety management measures that prevent microbial and chemical contaminants
(CRP2/CRP3-RTB)
Process control
1. Both low and high in cyanide varieties are processed: mild
processing techniques - chipping and quick drying may pose
safety risks
2. Water from rivers is used without pre-treatment.
3. Processing machines: graters and chipper, are made of mild steel
4. Weevil infestation problems during storage
Assessment of 21 processing units in Tanzania, Malawi and
Mozambique for quality management practices……
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Hygiene
1. Sun-drying during wet seasons provides ample time for
multiplication of spoilage microorganisms.
2. Public service hammer mills contaminate cassava flour
3. Most processors lack good drainage systems
4. Processors do not have necessary cleaning and
sanitation tools.
5. No hand-washing facilities nor hygiene rules
6. Occasional weevil infestation during storage
Assessment of processing units ……
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Control measures to prevent health hazards/quality defects
Good Manufacturing Practices
Good Hygienic Practices
Quality management guidelines for cassava and training of
processors
Quality management procedures or guidelines.
Training on quality management and compliance.
Processors and extension agents
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Tanzania
Assessment of value chain and actors’ performance
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Pilot site type
Labor use: man-day/ processing-day
Capacity utilization/day of operation(%)
Profitability- IRR or NPV
Chips 4 59% 135%
Flour 1 19 48% -9806 US$
Flour 2 20 100% 77%
Starch 8 100% 91%
Assessment of the technical efficiency and potential profitability of the village processing units in Tanzania
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Raw material supply
o Seasonal variation in availability and cost of fresh roots; non-
uniformity in quantity and quality.
Scale of technology
o Sun-drying was a major constraint - irregular processing, low
volumes & inconsistent quality
Poor image
o Cassava is a subject of many myths and half-truths
Infrastructure
o Limited access to water, bad roads, poor transport systems and
lack of processing equipment
Low purchasing power:
o Farmers can’t afford purchase of machines; no low-cost credits
The challenges of small scale village processing, 2007-2008
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
o Ability to operate the plants at a high capacity utilization.
o Efficient use of inputs such as labor.
o Ability to maintain quality of products.
o Availability of sufficient raw material at low cost.
o Access to product market.
o Good managerial skills.
o Efficient support infrastructure (water, roads and
transport systems).
Determinants of profitability and overall success of village processing units
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
CountryHQCF Cassava
Chips for Feed
Raw cassava equivalent
raw material supplyas % of annual production
Tanzania 47,500 45,000 370,000 6.0%
Madagascar
9,400 36,000 181,600 8.0%
Zambia 7,720 45,000 210,900 22.0%
Potential market opportunities for cassava products
(tons/year)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Manual Chipper Powered Chipper
Grater Dewatering machine
Processing machines
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Mechanized processing systems by zone
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Categories of cassava value chain promoters
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
(Oct.)
Research Centers/Universities Dev. Agencies/NGOs
District Governments Private Sector/Farmers
Number of processing machines purchased
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
2010:
> 140 village
processing groups
2004:
< 8 village
processing groups
Spread of mechanized village processing groups in Tanzania, 2010
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Southern zone of Tanzania, 2009
Assessment of small scale village processing groups, 2009
23
87
15
6
3 3
6
17
64
9
0
5
10
15
20
25
Mtwara Rural Newala Tandahimba Masasi
Village processing units (All) Processing regularly
Not processing regularly
Are the village processing groups processing regularly?
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Group problems (disorganized, poor or lack of commitment, bad or weak leadership)
Water problems (expensive, limited access, lack)
Competiton from fermented cassava (makopa)
Poor skills (business, processing)
No training
Machine problem (Old, poor, not installed)
Market problems (none, far distance)
No processing shed
Simply doing nothing
Constraints of the village processing groups
53 Village processing units/groups
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
0.050.0
100.0150.0200.0250.0300.0350.0
Selling price (US$/t) Costs (US$/t) % Profit
Local flour sold at factory gate HQCF delivered to end-users
Chips delivered to end-users Chips sold at factory gate
Assessment of mechanized processing versus traditional methods?
81.3%
61.4%
Profitability assessment using four different scenarios, 2009
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Cassava Products USD/tonRural villages Dried chips (Udaga) 27-133Villages near cities Fresh cassava in the soil 10
Dried chips for animals 200
Dried chips for human 200-333
Cassava cuttings (500 pieces) 1
Processing centers near the cities High Quality Cassava Chips 267
Farmers near processing centers
Peeled roots at processing plant gate 33High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) 333
Market options for cassava in Tanzania, 2009
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Targeting market according to realizable capacities of the
smallholder actors in the value chain.
Targeted scale-based market linkages among producers, processors and end-users (CAVA)
Farmers
Processors
End-users
Village
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Potential demand for hqcf = 488 tons/year
Training of 70 end-user industries in Malawi villages
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Potential demand for hqcf= 1089 tons/year
Training of end-user industries in Uganda villages
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Possible price for hqcf in Uganda on the basis of 75% of the on-going price of wheat flour = US$ 562-590/ton
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
1. Linking smallholder producers to market (CRP2)
Standards/certification
o The impact of Standardization on product quality,
market access and livelihoods (On-going student study
with WU)
Conditions under which value chain innovations can lead to
tangible impacts on smallholders’ income and food security (In
collaboration with impact analysts - Nigeria, Tanzania,
Madagascar, Zambia)
On-going value chain activities & Future work
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Additional studies
(a) Mechanisms by which change agents and smallholders
responded to the value chain innovations
(b) Conditions that favour adoption of the innovations
(c) Tangible impacts that accrued to the beneficiaries
(d) Conditioning factors and policies to promote stronger growth
in the processed cassava markets in ways that reduce
smallholder risks
(e) Best strategy for using hqcf to reduce the vulnerability of rural
and urban poor to the global cereal price volatility.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
End-Users
Bread and biscuit bakers flour mills textile mills plywood & adhesive
factories breweries supermarkets, etc
Intermediate processors
Out grower farmers
Intermediate processors
Out grower farmers
Intermediate processors
Out grower farmers
Intermediate processors
Out grower farmers
Final processors
(Mechanical dryer)
Village processors & business groups
LocalEntrepreneursFarmers
750 tons HQCF per year
HQCF supply chain development – Ongoing; with national partners
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Selecting appropriate drying technologies
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Application of food quality and safety management
measures that prevent microbial and chemical contaminants
Unit operations responsible for mycotoxins contamination in
cassava products (On-going)
2. Food quality and safety
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
The role of microorganisms in post CBSD infection root
deterioration and effect on food quality and yield
o In collaboration with pathologists
4. Food Quality profiling of new germplasms including food yield and
starch properties
3. Prevention of food losses: the role of microbes in secondary
infection of CBSD infected roots