Expanding the Boundaries of Optical Communications

Expanding the Boundaries of Optical Expanding the Boundaries of Optical CommunicationsCommunications

Claudio MazzaliClaudio MazzaliBusiness Technology DirectorBusiness Technology DirectorTelecomTelecom

Exciting Times !

January 7th, 2013January 15th, 2013March 18th, 2013May 2nd, 2013

Telecom © Corning Incorporated 2013 2

May 2 , 2013May 20th, 2013

Exciting Times !



May 2 , 2013May 20th, 2013

Exciting Times !



May 2 , 2013May 20th, 2013

Exciting Times !



Corning Tecnologias de Communicação S.A.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

May 2 , 2013May 20th, 2013

Exciting Times !



May 2 , 2013May 20th, 2013

And just 4 days ago…

May 22nd , 2013, McKinsey: The $33 Trillion Technology PayoffBy STEVE LOHR


150

200

250

Fiber market is already >2x the peak during Telecom Bubble

M fkm

China

280% Growth• Mobile traffic exploding driven

by smart devices, requiring towers to be connected with fiber

• China becomes the largest market globally in just a few years

Global Fiber Market Demand

8%

49%

47%

47%


0

50

100

19

80

19

82

19

84

19

86

19

88

19

90

19

92

19

94

19

96

19

98

20

00

20

02

20

04

20

06

20

08

20

10

20

12

ROW

• FTTH, FTTC, FTTB builds become common

• New services such as cloud computing and OTT video further stimulate already robust bandwidth growth

Source: Corning Analysis

1%

4%

21%

The Big Squeeze

3Q12 YoY Revenue Growth/Decline$2,000

$1,500

$1,000

Price

pe

r Po

rt pe

r Gb

ps P

eta

byt

es

pe

r m

on

th

120

100

80

60


Long haul

Access

• 100G• 400G

• FTTx• LTE

• Mobility, internet Video and

Cloud offer new revenue

streams

• But require CapEx

investment in Next Gen

architecture: Source: 2012 Infonetics Fundamental Market Drivers

• Carrier revenue growth

is lagging traffic growth Technology and Innovation have

a critical role in increasing

simplicity and providing cost

effective capacity

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

$500

$0

Price

pe

r Po

rt pe

r Gb

ps P

eta

byt

es

pe

r m

on

th

40

20

0

Source: 2012 Infonetics Fundamental Market Drivers

And the boundaries are being expanded…

…MultiCore and Few Moded Fibers are new players…


And the boundaries are being expanded…

…MultiCore and Few Moded Fibers are new players…


But a different picture when distance is also considered…


Spectral efficiency and OSNR/Reach balance

• 1 bit per symbol

• 2 bits per symbol

Incr

easi

ng S

E a

nd r

equi

red

OS

NR

BPSK

QPSK


Dec

reas

ing

reac

h



• 4 bits per symbolIncr

easi

ng S

E a

nd r

equi

red

OS

NR

8 QAM

16 QAM

Source: Carena et. Al JLT vol. 30 No. 10, May 2012

In addition to MultiCore and Few Moded Fibers, Pure Silica Core fibers also playing a critical role…and shorter term !

8

10

12

14S

pect

ral e

ffici

ency

(b/

s/H

z)SiGe Fibers

PCS Fibers

Shannon Limit

Hero Experiments

PSC Fibers


0

2

4

6

100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Spe

ctra

l effi

cien

cy (

b/s/

Hz)

Distance (km)

Multi Core FibersMulti Core Fibers

Few Few ModedModed FibersFibers

Expanding Capacity and Capabilities…


Low Loss FibersLow Loss Fibers

MultiCore Fibers – The industry needs to focus on the critical challenges and most likely applications

Multiple Multi-Core designs: Corning, OFS, Sumitomo, NTT, etc…

Termination…


0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Inse

rtio

n Lo

ss (d

B)

Core Number of Input Fiber

Termination…

Wouldn’t Multi Core bring more value in short distances for high density interconnects in Data Centers ?

Ch 1

Ch 2

Ch 3


• 25 Gb/s, PRBS 231-1, 1490 nm, unidirectional traffic• 200 m, direct coupling from Silicon waveguides gratings into MCF

24

5 ps/div

Ch 4

Ch 5

Ch 6

Ch 7

Ch 8






Few mode fibers

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

RM

S M

odal

Del

ay (ns

/km

)

0.35% delta0.40% delta0.45% delta0.50% delta

-0.00050

0.00050.001

0.00150.002

0.00250.003

0.00350.004

0.0045

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Radius (a.u.)

Del

ta


0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7

Wavelength (um)

RM

S M

odal

Del

ay (ns

/km

)

0.35% delta0.40% delta0.45% delta0.50% delta

01.9 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2 2.02 2.04

alpha

Radius (a.u.)

1525 1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 156550

55

60

65

70

75

80

Wavelength (nm)

Mode

Gro

up D

elay

Diff

eren

ce (ps

/km

)

(a)

LP01 LP11

Mode field diameter (um) 13.2 13.3

Effective area (um 2) 137 183

Cutoff wavelength (nm) n/a 2634

Attenuation (dB/km) 0.22 0.25

Transmission experiment(in collaboration with NEC Labs America)


• Use 3 spatial modes in a 50 km few mode fiber from Corning• 88 wavelength channels in each spatial mode• 112-Gb/s in each wavelength channel• 26.4 Tb/s MDM transmission over 50-km

…and more tricks may be necessary…but how practical ?

Negative DMGD

Positive DMGD

50

100

150

200

250

Mod

e G

roup

Del

ay (

ps/k

m)

A:18km-spoolB:10km-spoolC:22km-spoolD:50km-spool

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Er3+

Den

sity

(a.

u.)

Ring Doping

Few Moded EDFA


1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Wavelength (nm)

Ave

rage

DM

GD

(ps

/km

)

x-pol y-pol

LP01

LP11,e

LP11,o

1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560-150

-100

-50

0

Wavelength (nm)

Mod

e G

roup

Del

ay (

ps/k

m)

16 18 20 22 24 260

5

10

15

20

25

Pump Power (dBm)

Gai

n (d

B)

LP01LP11

Center-launch Pumping

Offset-launch Pumping

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 60

0.2

Radius (µm)

…And if we are talking about expanding boundaries, why not combine them ?...

• MCF has 12 single-mode, and two few-mode cores supporting LP01 and LP11 propagation

• SM cores: step-index with mode-field diameter (MFD) of 9 µm at 1550 nm

• FM cores: graded index, MFD of LP01 mode is 14 µm at 1550 nm

• Pitch spacing: 45 µm

• 12 cores × [386×91.54 + 384×102.66 ] + 2 cores × 354×213.1 Gb/s = 1.048 Pb/s

• Total bandwidth from 1526.22 nm to 1611.38 nm: 10.38 THz

• “Equivalent” Spectral Efficiency: ~ 110 b/s/Hz. • (By the way, I personally don’t agree with this “definition”…)

Collaboration Corning – NEC America


• (By the way, I personally don’t agree with this “definition”…)

SM2 SM6

SM1 SM5 SM10

FM1

SM4 SM9 FM2

SM3 SM8 SM12

SM7 SM11

And just to remind ourselves…1 Petabit...per second…

117,281,240,296 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)

586,406,201 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)

44,739,243 digital pictures (with 3MB average file size)

33,554,432 MP3 audio files (with 4MB average file size)

206,489 650MB CD's

29,925 4.38GB DVD's

5,243 25GB Blu-ray discs

Experimental setup(in collaboration with NEC Labs America)

385 C+L-Band DFB

laser

3-km MCF

SM1-12

FM1-2

τ1τ2τ3τ4

τ5τ6τ7τ8

τ9τ10τ11τ12

τ13

τ14

τ17

τ18

OFFLINE PROCESSING

Pol. Mux 90°

Hybrid

PD

PD

PD

PD

TOFSampling

ScopeLO

Core Selector (B)

I/Q Mod-1FS

12.5 GHz

Pol. Mux

DP-32QAM-OFDM Transmitter for SM Cores

AWG

ECLM-MUX

I/Q Mod-2Pol. Mux

I/Q Mod-3Pol. Mux

DP-QPSK Transmitter for FM Cores

τa τb

τ τ

WS

S Odd λ

Even

25G

/50G

IL

PC

τ15Pol. Mux 90°

Hybrid

PD

PD

PD

PD

Sampling Scope

WSS

LP

M-DEMUX

Cor

e-to

-Cor

e S

-M

UX

(A

)

SM1SM2SM3SM4SM5SM6SM7SM8SM9SM10SM11SM12

FM1

FM2


Micropositioner

Receiving fiber:

SM or FM

Core Selector

AWG = Arbitrary Waveform GeneratorDFB = Distributed FeedbackFS = Frequency ShifterIL = InterleaverI/Q Mod= IQ ModulatorLO = Local OscillatorM-(DE)MUX = Mode (de)multiplexerPC = Polarization controllerPD = PhotodiodePol. Mux = Polarization MultiplexerTOF: Tunable optical filterWSS = Wavelength Selective Switch

(B)(A)

PPG Trigger

τc τd

Even λ

τ16

Single mode fiber Few mode fiber Auto control loopComputer

Auto measurement control loop

60×

Micropositioner

Single-core SM or FM fibers

Core-to-Core S-MUX

PDLP01LP11e

LP11oLO

FM2






Spansph

ch

NNFPSP

OSNRout ⋅⋅⋅=

2/ nAeff∝

Fiber Fiber EffectiveEffective

FiberFiberAttenuationAttenuation

Effect of fiber attributes on OSNR and Fiber FOM


Spansph NNFPS ⋅⋅⋅Fiber Independent

)/(n Attenuatio kmdBα∝

EffectiveEffectiveAreaArea

AttenuationAttenuation

G. Charlet, ECOC 2010, paper We.8.F.1

[ ]

−⋅−−

⋅⋅

=refeff

effref

refeff

refeff

L

LLkmdBkmdB

nA

nA

,2,

,2 log10)/()/(log10 FOM(dB)Fiber αα

N. Bergano, OFC 2009, SubOptic 2010

Impact of Attenuation & Aeff on Fiber FOM

110

120

130

140

150

Effe

ctiv

e ar

ea (s

q. u

m)

5-5.5

4.5-5

4-4.5

3.5-4

3-3.5

2.5-3

2-2.5

GeO2-doped silica core, n2 = 2.3x10-20 m2/W Silica core, n2 = 2.1x10-20 m2/W

VascadeVascade® ® EX3000 fiberEX3000 fiber

FOM (dB)


0.16

0.16

2

0.16

4

0.16

6

0.16

8

0.17

0.17

2

0.17

4

0.17

6

0.17

8

0.18

0.18

2

0.18

4

0.18

6

0.18

8

0.19

0.19

2

0.19

4

0.19

6

0.19

8

0.2

80

90

100

Fiber attenuation (dB/km)

Effe

ctiv

e ar

ea (s

q. u

m)

2-2.5

1.5-2

1-1.5

0.5-1

0-0.5

Ref. fiber: Aeff = 80 µm2, α= 0.20 dB/km, n2 = 2.3x10-20 m2/WFor this example, span length is 75 km

VascadeVascade® ® EX2000 fiberEX2000 fiber

SMFSMF--28 ULL28 ULLREFREFREFREF

And we need to use all tools to enable this performance, including coatings…

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2

0.21

Atte

nuat

ion

(dB

/km

)

Silica-Germania Silica Core Fiber

Manufac.

Fiber

type

(dB/km)

@1550

Aeff

(mm2)Reference or comment

Corning PSC 0.160 150 OFC 2013 papers OTu2B, PDP 5A.6

Sumitomo PSC 0.154 130 OFC 2013, PDP5A7

OFS SiGe 0.183 150 J.X. Cai et. al JLT, vol 30, p.652 (2012)

Draka SiGe 0.185 155 OFC 2011 paper OMR2.


Aeff = 110-115sq. um



ze γ−∝

2/336

4

Eb

a

∆∝γ 2b2a

Corning

EX2000PSC 0.162 112

Commercially available

http://www.corning.com

Sumitomo

Z+ fiberPSC 0.168 112


http://global-sei.com/

OFS

UltraWave

SLA

SiGe 0.185 106Commercially available

http://ofsoptics.com

Draka

LongLinesSiGe <0.190 120


http://communications.draka.com/

Talking about combining attributes… Carriers were looking for this also in more general networks…

Core

Bend improved

G.657.A1 fiber

e.g. ClearCurve® XB fiber

Low-loss

G.652.D fiber

e.g. SMF-28e+® LL fiber

Business Name Security Marking 28

Access

• Different fiber types presents many challenges:

• Inventory management complexity

• Mode Field Diameter (MFD) mismatch

• Deployment and maintenance speed

Corning®Corning®

SMFSMF--28® Ultra 28® Ultra fiberfiber

Talking about combining attributes… Carriers were looking for this also in more general networks…

1550 nm (dB/km)

1625 nm (dB/km)

1310 nm (dB/km)

Typical G.652.D

fiber

≤ 0.23

≤ 0.20

≤ 0.35

≤ 0.20

≤ 0.18

≤ 0.32

Typical G.657.A1

fiber

≤ 0.23

≤ 0.20

≤ 0.35

Corning®

SMF-28® Ultra fiber


1625 nm (dB/km)

PMDQ (ps/√km)

1550nm bend @ 10mm radius (dB)

1310nm MFD (μm)

≤ 0.23

< 0.06

≤ 0.20

< 0.04

< 0.50

9.2 ± 0.4

Not Specified

9.2 ± 0.4

SMF-28® Ultra fiber delivers better attenuation and macrobend performance, with no

compromise in any other attributes…Compatible and simple.

≤ 0.23

< 0.06

< 0.75

8.6 ± 0.4

Short Dist. and Mega Data CentersShort Dist. and Mega Data Centers

Convergence Optical Convergence Optical -- WirelessWireless

Expanding the Penetration of Optical Communications…


Consumer ElectronicsConsumer Electronics

Mega Data Centers bringing new challenges for optics…


Disaggregation Impact: Electrical � Optical

SAN switchPCIe extension

Disagregated Server

Top of the rack (TOR) switch

ServerLAN ConnectionSAN ConnectionIn-rack connection

MetroWAN

Campus


New Challenges…

Fiber-Chip CouplingThe Fiber Dispersion

becomes important again…


Short Distances and Data CentersShort Distances and Data Centers





Optical Comm. expansion into “Horizontal” enabling Wireless CoverageLaunching ONE™ Wireless Platform - DAS

• Mobile broadband demand growing at 66% CAGR• Connected devices to reach 19 billion by 2016

Wireless Trends

“Bandwidth of fiber to every access point”

Optical Distributed Antenna System (DAS)

Source: Cisco


“Bandwidth of fiber to every access point”

Lower cost

• Less installation time (~40%)• Lower first-installed cost (~0-20%)• 20-40% less total cost of ownership

More capability

• Integrated GigE for small cells, WiFi• 1:1 architecture for advanced features

High flexibility

• Modular for cost effective upgrades• Dynamic capacity steering &

multi-sector support

Optical Communications expansion into Access enabling Wireless Coverage

Synergies leading to Convergence FTTx - LTE


Short Distances and Data CentersShort Distances and Data Centers





Optical Communications expanding into Consumer ElectronicsAOCs for Cons. Electronics – Thunderbolt (10G) and USB 3.0 (5Gb/s)


Simple Summary…

1. Lots of questions…and lots of options…

2. Consequently lots of juicy research areas

3. And lots of challenges and opportunities…


3. And lots of challenges and opportunities…

Exciting and Busy Times Ahead of Us !

Thank You !...

Obrigado !

Claudio [email protected]


Business Name Security Marking 42

DubaiLink design using Corning®

SMF-28® ULL fiber

Using standard G.652 fiber

3 Huts needed

3 Amplifiers needed

75 km70 km

Focus on Performance SMF-28® ULL case study: backbone ring of UAE network

Source: Google Maps

Lower

Attenuation


Abu

Dhabi

Al Ain

70 km

70 km

75 km

70 km65 km

145 km145 km

135 kmSMF-28® ULL Fibre

$ 1,5 M

Equipment savings by using SMF-28 ® ULL fiber

> $8 M

savings!!

Focus on Performance SMF-28® ULL case study: backbone ring of UAE network

Lower

Attenuation

3 Huts

$ 2.5 M

$ 3 M

$ 2 M

$ 3.5 M


SMF-28® ULL cable extra cost (48 FC)

Hut ($500 K per Hut - construction &

equipment cost)

Net equipment savings

Amplifiers ($300 K - 6 amplifiers per fibre pair)

The Ultra Low Attenuation of Corning® SMF-28® ULL enables optimum link

performance reducing significantly OPEX and CAPEX

SMF-28® ULL Fibre

Key takeaway

3 Huts

# Fiberpairs

1 pair 2 pairs 3 pairs 24 pairs4 pairs

Few mode fiber

1. Mode division multiplexing– Use each spatial mode to transmit WDM signals

2. Fundamental mode transmission– Increase effective area beyond the limit (~150 µm2) for single mode fiber


ApproachApproach SISI GIGI

Mode couplingIncrease effective index differencesReduce overlap between modes

=-

=+

Modal delay Reduce group index differences - +Multipath

interferenceReduce group index differencesUse better coating

-=

+=

Bending lossUse low index trench Use better coating

==

==