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REVIEW
1 2 3 4 5A 1 1 1 1 1B 1 0 0 0 0C 0 0 1 1 1Outgroup 0 0 0 0 0 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS
OBICO JJA, InstructorDepartment of Biology
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cell wall
Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae - Alismatales)
chloroplasts
thylakoids
granum
amyloplasts (starch grains):
alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside
stroma
chloroplast:chlorophyll a & bgranastarch
HAPLOID (n)Multicelled Stage
(Adult)
Egg (n)
Sperm (n)
Spores(n)
mitosis
HAPLONTICOogamy
HAPLOID (n)Multicelled Stage
(Adult)
Gamete(n)
Spores(n)
mitosis
HAPLONTICIsogamy
Gamete(n)
Zygote
(2n)
fertilizationmeiosis
Zygote
(2n)
fertilizationmeiosis
A B
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Charales - oogamy
oogonium
Coleochaete
Nitella Chara
plasmodesmata
middle lamella
CELL #1 CELL #2
plasmamembrane
cell wall:cellulosicplasmodesmata (in some Green Plants)
cellulosic cell wall
middle lamellamembrane
The Land Plants=Embryophyta (embryophytes)
The first colonization of plants on land during the Silurian period ca 400 million years agoSilurian period, ca. 400 million years ago.Land Plants now dominate the earth.
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Two possible hypotheses:
GAMETOPHYTE(n)
Egg (n)
Sperm (n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC("Alternation ofGenerations")
Spores(n)
lost by reduction and modificationin the Angiospermsand some Gnetales
Archegonium(n)
Antheridium(n)
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers, Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte(2n)
produce
(n) (n)
Zygote
(2n)
SPOROPHYTE(2n)
Embryo(2n)
Sporangium(2n) fertilization
mitosismitosis
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antheridiumantheridiu
m
Marchantia (liverwort) Mnium (moss)
sperm cells
egg cell
Marchantia (liverwort)
archegonium
neck
“Bryophytes” paraphyletic
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LiverwortsHornworts
Mosses
“Bryophytes”
Liverworts -Hepaticae
Two basic forms:-thalloid-leafy
Asterella sp. 1
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Asterella sp. 2
Bazanniaa leafy liverwort
Conocephalum sp.Fossombronia sp.
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pore
pore
gemmae
Marchantia
gemma cup
Marchantia
sporophyte spores
elaters
stomate
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Hornworts(Anthocerotae)
Hornworts
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Mosses(Musci)
calyptraoperculum
peristometooth
mature capsule(sporangium)
spores
sporophyte(2n)
antheridia
germinatingspore
protonema
operculum
peristome teeth
gametophyte(n)
archegonia
costa
embryo(2n)
archegonialneck
GAMETOPHYTE(n)
Egg (n)
Sperm (n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC("Alternation ofGenerations")
Spores(n)
lost by reduction and modificationin the Angiospermsand some Gnetales
Archegonium(n)
Antheridium(n)
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers, Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte(2n)
produce
(n) (n)
Zygote
(2n)
SPOROPHYTE(2n)
Embryo(2n)
Sporangium(2n) fertilization
mitosismitosis
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sporophyte(2n)
antheridia
costaarchegonialneck
gametophyte
archegonia
embryo(2n)
calyptraoperculum
peristometooth
mature capsule(sporangium)
spores
sporophyte(2n)
antheridia
germinatingspore
protonema
operculum
peristome teeth
costa
embryo
archegonialneck
spore (n) protonema
spore (n)
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spore (n) protonema
spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n)
spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n)
archegonium antheridium
spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n)
fertilization
archegonium antheridiumsporophyte (2n)
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meiosis
spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n)
fertilization
archegonium antheridiumsporophyte (2n)
Sphagnum Peat Moss Sphagnum Peat Moss
