EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION 18-20T H CENTURY

-Mridu Agarwal

CD L1

Samuel Johnson publishes the

first English language dictionary

on April 15th after nine years of

writing. In the preface Samuel

Johnson wrote, "I am not so lost

in lexicography as to forget that

words are the daughters of

earth, and that things are the

sons of heaven."

1755 : FIRST ENGLISH DICTIONARY

The telegraph was a communication

system that originally relied on a

line of site in order to receive a

message. Georges Louis Lesage, a

physicist from Geneva invented an

electric telegraph in 1774 that had a

simple charged wire for every letter

in the alphabet. This allowed

telegraphs to be sent without the

required line of site and “smoke

signals”. 

1774 :PATENT OF ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH

Jacques Perrier invents a

steamship. One great

way to communicate

overseas, though

steamship was first

sailed in 1819.

1775: INVENTION OF STEAMSHIP

The first American submarine is as

old as the United States itself. David

Bushnell (1742-1824), a Yale

graduate, designed and built a

submarine torpedo boat in 1776. The

one-man vessel submerged by

admitting water into the hull and

surfaced by pumping it out with a

hand pump. Powered by a pedal-

operated propeller and armed with a

keg of powder, the egg-shaped Turtle

gave Revolutionary Americans high

hopes for a secret weapon - a weapon

that could destroy the British

warships anchored in New York

Harbor.

1776: INVENTION OF SUBMARINE

1799: FOURDRINIER MACHINE

Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making.

A papermaking machine that could make continuous paper (rolls).

A patent was granted on July 24, 1806, for a machine that could make

any size of paper, very quickly.

Large Fourdrinier-style paper-making machine. A row of heated drums

dry out the paper, which enters the machine as wet pulp.

Large rolls are usually sliced into a number of thin rolls, which can

feed continuous presses (e.g. newspapers) or be cut into separate

sheets.

The invention cost £60000, and caused the brothers to go bankrupt.

Due to various laws, it was difficult to protect the patent on the

machine, and the new system was widely adopted.

1810 : IMPROVED PRINTING PRESS

German, Frederick Koenig

invents an improved printing

press, this allowed people to

print documents.

1814: PHOTOGRAPHY

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take

a photograph. He took the picture by setting up a

machine called the camera obscura in the window of

his home in France. It took eight hours for the

camera to take the picture.

In September of 1821, Charles

Wheatstone exhibited his Enchanted

Lyre or Aconcryptophone at a gallery

in a music store. The Enchanted Lyre

was not a real instrument, it was a

sounding box disguised as a lyre that

hung from the ceiling by a steel rod,

and emitted the sounds of several

instruments: piano, harp, and

dulcimer. It appeared as if the

Enchanted Lyre was playing itself.

However, the steel rod conveyed the

vibrations of the music from real

instruments which were played out of

view by real musicians.

1821: ENCHANTED LYRE

1827 :COIN THE PHRASE MICROPHONE

Charles Wheatstone was the first person to coin the

phrase microphone.

1829: W.A. INVENTS TYPOGRAPHER

In 1829, William Austin Burt invents the

typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter, he

patents the same.

1829: BRAILLE

Frenchmen, Louis Braille invents braille printing for

the blind.

1835: CALOTYPE PHOTOGRAPHY

Englishmen, Henry Talbot invents calotype

photography.

Talbot made his first successful camera photographs

in 1835 using paper sensitized with silver chloride,

which darkened in proportion to its exposure to

light. This early "photogenic drawing" process was

a printing-out process, i.e., the paper had to be

exposed in the camera until the image was fully

visible. A very long exposure—typically an hour or

more—was required to produce an

acceptable negative.

1835: MECHANICAL CALCULATOR

Charles Babbage  invents a mechanical calculator.

1837 : TELEGRAPH

Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse (1791-1872) and other

inventors, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. It worked by

transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. In addition to

helping invent the telegraph, Samuel Morse developed a code (bearing his name)

that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet and

allowed for the simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines. In

1844, Morse sent his first telegraph message, from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore,

Maryland; by 1866, a telegraph line had been laid across the Atlantic Ocean from the

U.S. to Europe. Although the telegraph had fallen out of widespread use by the start

of the 21st century, replaced by the telephone, fax machine and Internet, it laid the

groundwork for the communications revolution that led to those later innovations.

1837: POSTAGE STAMP

English schoolmaster, Rowland Hill invents

the postage stamp.

1838: MORSE CODE

Morse code is a method of transmitting text information as a series of

on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a

skilled listener or observer without special equipment. The

International Morse Code encodes the ISO basic Latin alphabet, some

extra Latin letters, the Arabic numerals and a small set of punctuation

and procedural signals as standardized sequences of short and long

signals called "dots" and "dashes",or "dits" and "dahs". Because many

non-English natural languages use more than the 26 Roman letters,

extensions to the Morse alphabet exist for those languages.

1 8 3 9 : D A G U E R R E O T Y P E   P H O T O G R A P H Y .

Frenchmen, Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce coinvent  Daguerreotype

photography.

Using the camera obscura (a drawing aid for artists that after the birth of

photography became known as the photographic camera) a light tight

plate holder was designed to hold a copper plate faced with a thin layer of

silver. Prior to exposing the plate in the camera, the plate was made light

sensitive by fumes from iodine crystals in a wooden box. After the

exposure, mercury fumes would develop the image which was then fixed

in a solution of common salt (sodium chloride) or of sodium thiosulfate

(Na2S2O3.5H2O). The plate could be toned in gold chloride.

1867:PRACTICAL USE OF TELEPHONE

1876: PATENTS THE TELEPHONE

First patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell and further developed by

many others.

A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or

more users to conduct a conversation when they are not in the same vicinity of

each other to be heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most

efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals suitable for transmission via

cables or other transmission media over long distances, and replays such

signals simultaneously in audible form to its user. The wordtelephone has been

adapted into the vocabulary of many languages. It is derived from

the Greek: τῆλε, tēle, far  and φωνή, phōnē, voice, together meaning distant

voice.

The phonograph was invented in 1877

by Thomas Edison.  It is a device

introduced in 1877 for the recording

and reproduction of sound recordings.

The recordings played on such a

device consist of waveforms that are

engraved onto a rotating cylinder or

disc. As the cylinder or disc rotates, a

stylus or needle traces the waveforms

and vibrates to reproduce the

recorded sound waves

1877: TIN FOIL PHONOGRAPH

1877: FIRST MOVING PICTURES

Eadweard Muybridge  invents the first moving

pictures.

John Huston patents the

roll film for cameras.

1881: PATENTS THE ROLL FILM FOR CAMERAS

1884: PAPER STRIP PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM

George Eastman patents paper-strip photographic

film.

1887 : FIRST GRAMOPHONE

By Emelie Berliner Grampophone

1895: PORTABLE MOTION-PICTURE CAMERA

Lumiere Brothers invent a portable motion-picture

camera, film processing unit and projector called the

Cinematographe. Lumiere Brothers using their

Cinematographe are the first to present a projected

motion picture to an audience of more that one

person.

1895: FIRST RADIO SIGNAL OVER A MILE

1896-1901: INVENTION OF RADIO

1907: INVENTION OF VACUUM TUBE RADIO

In electronics a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North America), tube,

or thermionic valve or valve (in British English) is a device controlling electric

current through a vacuum in a sealed container. The container is often thin

transparent glass in a roughly cylindrical shape. The simplest vacuum tube,

the diode, is similar to an incandescent light bulb with an added electrode inside.

When the bulb's filament is heated red-hot, electrons are "boiled" off its surface

and into the vacuum inside the bulb. If the electrode—called a "plate" or

"anode"—is made more positive than the hot filament, a direct current flows

through the vacuum to the electrode (a demonstration of the Edison effect). As

the current only flows in one direction, it makes it possible to convert

an alternating current applied to the filament to direct current.

1910: DEMONSTRATION OF FIRST TALKING MOTION

PICTURE

Thomas Edison demonstrated the first talking motion

picture.

1910 – TELEGRAPH MESSAGES LEADS TO ARREST

Captain Henry Kendall, Who was constantly communicating to help catch the culprits.

Dr crippen and Ethel Le Nivel found guilty.

1912: MOTORIZED MOVIE CAMERAS

Motorized movie cameras invented, replaced hand-

cranked cameras.

1912- MACRONI ’S F IRST PURPOSE -BUILT RADIO FACTORY AT NEW

STREET WORKS, ALSO IN CHELMSFORD, ENGLAND

1 9 1 3 - T H E U S N A V Y B E G I N S T R A N S M I T T I N G B Y R A D I O A R E G U L A R T I M E S I G N A L

1915 - D ISCOVERY OF LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONIC

COMMUNICATION

1 9 1 5 - F I R S T T R A N S M I SS I O N O F S P E E C H A C R O SS O C E A N S.

1916: RADIO TUNERS

Invention of radio tuners which helped onto

switching to different radio stations.

1 9 1 8 : S U P E R H E T E R O D Y N E R A D I O C I R C U I T

In electronics, a superheterodyne receiver (often shortened

to superhet), invented by US engineer Edwin Armstrong in 1918

during World War 1,uses frequency mixing or heterodyning to

convert a received signal to a fixed intermediate frequency(IF),

which can be more conveniently processed than the

original radio carrier frequency. Virtually all modern radio

receivers use the superheterodyne principle.

The superheterodyne radio circuit invented by Edwin Howard

Armstrong. Today, every radio or television set uses this invention.

The mechanical

television a precursor to

the modern television,

invented by John Logie

Baird.

1925 : MECHANICAL TELEVISION

1 9 2 6 - F I R S T D E M O N S T R A T I O N O F T E L E V I S I O N

John Logie Baird gave the world's first demonstration of television to a group assembled in his attic rooms in London. This is John Logie with the TV set.

1 9 2 9 - B B C T O B R O A D C A S T F I R S T T R I A L O N T V S E T.

1965 - LAUNCH OF EARLY B IRD.

1 9 8 3 - M I D I B E C O M E S T H E S TA N D A R D F O R E L E C T R O N I C C O M M U N I C AT I O N I N

M U S I C

1983: APPLE

First ever computer with a monitor and keyboard

attached.

The most renowned brand Apple, By Steve Jobs.

1986: WINDOWS

Windows operating system invented by Microsoft

(Bill Gates).

1 9 8 9 - 9 1 – C E R N, F I R S T S T E P T O WA R D S W O R L D W I D E W E B

1989- Build ENQUIRE

1990- The first proposal

for the world wide web

1991- First website at

http://info.cern.ch

1997 – REGISTRY OF GOOGLE.COM

Larry page and Sergey Brin