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Population • Geographic Distribution • Density • Growth Rate

Esa Unit3

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Page 1: Esa Unit3

Population

• Geographic Distribution

• Density

• Growth Rate

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Geographic Distribution

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Population Density

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Population Density

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Plant Broadcasting

Dandelion

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Biogeography

• Geographical Distribution of Species

• Endemic species

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Range Expansion

• Africanized bees

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Range Expansion

• West Nile encephalitis virus

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Species Transplants

• European Starling, 1890

FRANKLIN, N.J. —  The black carcasses of dead starlings still pepper the snowy roads and lawns of central New Jersey’s rural Griggstown community three days after federal officials used a pesticide to kill as many as 5,000 of the birds.Many residents Monday were still getting over their shock from the sudden spate of deaths. Some were unaware that the deaths resulted from an intentional culling and that the pesticide used was harmless to people and pets.“It was raining birds,” said Franklin Township Mayor Brian Levine. “It got people a little anxious.”The U.S. Department of Agriculture called local police last week and the Somerset County Health Department to warn them that a culling program was under way, but there was no notice that dead birds could fall from the sky, Levine said.“A lot of us are concerned because it’s so odd,” said Chris Jiamboi, 49, as his vehicle idled along a stretch of road in Griggstown marked with the flattened remains of dead starlings. “There were a lot of them dead in the roads and no one drives fast enough around here to kill a bird. Then they started showing up dead in people’s backyards.”

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Resource Partitioning

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Character Displacement

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Population Change

Factors: BirthsDeaths

Migration Flux

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Arithmetic vs. Exponential

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Bacterial Growth

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Bacterial Growth Curve

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Reproductive Rates

• Breeding Age

• Litter Size

• Gestation Period

• Longevity

• Gender Ratio/Mating System

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Mating Schemes

• PolyandrousAfrican hunting dogs

• Polygynous

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Courtship

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Growth StrategiesR-select K-selectShort life Long life

Rapid GrowthMany small offspringLittle parental investmentPopulation fluctuationUsually preyEnvironmentally adaptable

Slower growthFewer, larger offspringHigher parental carePopulation size stablePredator or highly competitiveAdapted to stable environment

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Limits to Growth

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In Real Life . . .

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Population Cycles

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Isle Royale

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Human Population

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Since 1800

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Malthus1797: Essay on Population

As population rises . . . . .

Labor Glut ----> Unemployment

Prices Rise ------> Hunger, Food Shortages

Voluntary Limit on Families

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Falling Birth Rates

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Drop in Death Rate

Due to:

Vaccines

Antibiotics

Better diet

Lifestyle choices

Safety considerations

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Population Dynamics• Growth Rate = Birth Rate – Death Rate

% x/1000 – y/1000

• For example,

Birth Rate = 43/1000, Death Rate = 11/1000Growth Rate = 32/1000 = 3.2/100 = 3.2 %

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World Population

• http://www.ibiblio.org/lunarbin/worldpop

• 7 Billion in April 2010???

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Doubling Time

• Amount of timeelapsed until the population will have doubled

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National Growth Rates

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Population Profiles

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Demographic Transition

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US population

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US population

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Distribution

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One Child One Family

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India

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Sustainability

• Issues– Resources: Food, water, air, energy

– Waste treatment

– Space allocation

– Standard of living