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Population
• Geographic Distribution
• Density
• Growth Rate
Geographic Distribution
Population Density
Population Density
Plant Broadcasting
Dandelion
Biogeography
• Geographical Distribution of Species
• Endemic species
Range Expansion
• Africanized bees
Range Expansion
• West Nile encephalitis virus
Species Transplants
• European Starling, 1890
FRANKLIN, N.J. — The black carcasses of dead starlings still pepper the snowy roads and lawns of central New Jersey’s rural Griggstown community three days after federal officials used a pesticide to kill as many as 5,000 of the birds.Many residents Monday were still getting over their shock from the sudden spate of deaths. Some were unaware that the deaths resulted from an intentional culling and that the pesticide used was harmless to people and pets.“It was raining birds,” said Franklin Township Mayor Brian Levine. “It got people a little anxious.”The U.S. Department of Agriculture called local police last week and the Somerset County Health Department to warn them that a culling program was under way, but there was no notice that dead birds could fall from the sky, Levine said.“A lot of us are concerned because it’s so odd,” said Chris Jiamboi, 49, as his vehicle idled along a stretch of road in Griggstown marked with the flattened remains of dead starlings. “There were a lot of them dead in the roads and no one drives fast enough around here to kill a bird. Then they started showing up dead in people’s backyards.”
Resource Partitioning
Character Displacement
Population Change
Factors: BirthsDeaths
Migration Flux
Arithmetic vs. Exponential
Bacterial Growth
Bacterial Growth Curve
Reproductive Rates
• Breeding Age
• Litter Size
• Gestation Period
• Longevity
• Gender Ratio/Mating System
Mating Schemes
• PolyandrousAfrican hunting dogs
• Polygynous
Courtship
Growth StrategiesR-select K-selectShort life Long life
Rapid GrowthMany small offspringLittle parental investmentPopulation fluctuationUsually preyEnvironmentally adaptable
Slower growthFewer, larger offspringHigher parental carePopulation size stablePredator or highly competitiveAdapted to stable environment
Limits to Growth
In Real Life . . .
Population Cycles
Isle Royale
Human Population
Since 1800
Malthus1797: Essay on Population
As population rises . . . . .
Labor Glut ----> Unemployment
Prices Rise ------> Hunger, Food Shortages
Voluntary Limit on Families
Falling Birth Rates
Drop in Death Rate
Due to:
Vaccines
Antibiotics
Better diet
Lifestyle choices
Safety considerations
Population Dynamics• Growth Rate = Birth Rate – Death Rate
% x/1000 – y/1000
• For example,
Birth Rate = 43/1000, Death Rate = 11/1000Growth Rate = 32/1000 = 3.2/100 = 3.2 %
World Population
• http://www.ibiblio.org/lunarbin/worldpop
• 7 Billion in April 2010???
Doubling Time
• Amount of timeelapsed until the population will have doubled
National Growth Rates
Population Profiles
Demographic Transition
US population
US population
Distribution
One Child One Family
India
Sustainability
• Issues– Resources: Food, water, air, energy
– Waste treatment
– Space allocation
– Standard of living