English As A Second Language-ALGERIA

OpenOpen university university Centre of BATNACentre of BATNA

English as a English as a Second Second

LanguageLanguageManager teacherManager teacher: : Submitted by:Submitted by:

Mr. Fritah N.D Mr. Fritah N.D Aissi RabieAissi Rabie Mansouri Mansouri

YassineYassine

2007/20082007/2008

OutlineOutline Open universityOpen university Introduction Introduction

English Linguistics approach English Linguistics approach

The use of English as a second language.The use of English as a second language.

English skillsEnglish skills The international English assessment The international English assessment

systemssystems

Conclusion & discussionConclusion & discussion

IntroductionIntroduction The English language is spoken by The English language is spoken by 750 million750 million

people in the world as either the official language people in the world as either the official language of a nation, a second language, or in a mixture of a nation, a second language, or in a mixture

with other languages ( pidgins and creoles.)with other languages ( pidgins and creoles.)

IntroductionIntroduction EnglishEnglish is a is a West Germanic languageWest Germanic language originating originating

in in EnglandEngland,, and and the first language for most people the first language for most people in thein the

ANGLOPHONEANGLOPHONE

CARIBBEANCARIBBEAN


in in EnglandEngland,, and and the first language for most people the first language for most people in thein the

AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA 15,581,33415,581,334 N.S N.S


in in EnglandEngland,, and and the first language for most people the first language for most people in the in the

CANADACANADA

17,694,83017,694,830 N.S N.S

IntroductionIntroduction EnglishEnglish is a is a West Germanic languageWest Germanic language originating in originating in

EnglandEngland,, and and the first language for most people in the the first language for most people in the

NEW-NEW-

ZEALANDZEALAND

3,500,000+3,500,000+ N.S (approx) N.S (approx)


EnglandEngland,, and and the first language for most people in the first language for most people in the the

IRELANDIRELAND 4,200,000+4,200,000+ N.S (approx) N.S (approx)

IntroductionIntroduction

EnglishEnglish is a is a West Germanic languageWest Germanic language originating in originating in EnglandEngland, and, and the first language for most people in the first language for most people in thethe

UNITEDUNITED

KINGDOMKINGDOM

58,200,00058,200,000 N.S N.S


EnglandEngland, and, and the first language for most people in the first language for most people in thethe

USAUSA 214,809,000214,809,000 N.S N.S


Commonwealth Commonwealth

countriescountries

IntroductionIntroductionCommonwealth InternationalCommonwealth International

Countries organizationsCountries organizations



United NationsUnited Nations



TheThe AnglosphereAnglosphere

United NationsUnited Nations


A native or fluent speaker of English is known as anA native or fluent speaker of English is known as an

AnglophoneAnglophone



AngloAnglophonephone

« English »« English »



AngloAnglophonephone

« sound, « sound, speech » speech »

IntroductionIntroduction• Modern English is sometimes described as a Modern English is sometimes described as a

linguafrancalinguafranca..

• English is English is the dominant languagethe dominant language in many fields in many fields

• British EmpireBritish Empire is the primary reason for the initial is the primary reason for the initial spread spread

• Since World War II, Since World War II, United StatesUnited States has accelerated the has accelerated the adoption of English.adoption of English.

• As a result, over a As a result, over a billion people speak Englishbillion people speak English . .

IntroductionIntroductionCChanges in English hanges in English

(Demonstration)(Demonstration)1.Old English (ca .500 CE-1100 CE)1.Old English (ca .500 CE-1100 CE)


(Demonstration)(Demonstration)2.Middle English (ca. 1100 CE -1500 2.Middle English (ca. 1100 CE -1500

CE )CE )


(Demonstration)(Demonstration)3.Early Modern English (ca. 1500 CE-3.Early Modern English (ca. 1500 CE-

1800 CE ) 1800 CE )

English linguistics approachEnglish linguistics approach

LinguisticsLinguistics -Grammar : parts of speech ; -Grammar : parts of speech ; Nouns, adj, adv, Nouns, adj, adv,

prepositions,prepositions, conjunctions, conjunctions,

pronouns, verbs,pronouns, verbs, interjections.interjections.

-Phonology-Phonology -Phonetics-Phonetics -Morphology-Morphology

English linguistics approachEnglish linguistics approach

Language theory / Language Language theory / Language technologytechnology

( Competence & performance ) ( Competence & performance ) « Chomsky »« Chomsky » « « Colourless green ideasColourless green ideas sleepsleep

furiouslyfuriously » » S V AdvS V Adv

English linguistics English linguistics approachapproach


What significance can language What significance can language technologytechnology

have for the language theory ?have for the language theory ?



The problem of ambiguity in relation The problem of ambiguity in relation to theto the

current language processing current language processing systemssystems



How can we be able to turn linguistics How can we be able to turn linguistics intointo

a hard science ?a hard science ?



What are the limitations of currentWhat are the limitations of current

language systems ?language systems ?



What is competence and performance ?What is competence and performance ?

« « Colourless green ideasColourless green ideas sleepsleep furiouslyfuriously »»

S V AdvS V Adv Grammar Grammar MeaningMeaning

The use of English as a 2The use of English as a 2ndnd languagelanguage

Meeting Pr.Chomsky was great !Unfortunate

ly,I couldn’t

speakwell

English…


1-Common errors1-Common errors

What is an error in English ?What is an error in English ?


1-Common errors1-Common errors All deviations from the standard use of English asAll deviations from the standard use of English as

judged by sophisticated usersjudged by sophisticated users

Awareness Awareness

The aim isThe aim is

Avoid (-) consequencesAvoid (-) consequences



Why don’t we cover all important Why don’t we cover all important points points

of grammarof grammar ??



Lack of practice Lack of practice

Dealing with other languages backgroundsDealing with other languages backgrounds

Insufficient input ListeningInsufficient input Listening

ReadingReading

Unstructured output SpeakingUnstructured output Speaking

WritingWriting

The use of English as a 2The use of English as a 2ndnd languagelanguage2-Idioms2-Idioms

1-idiomatic expressions:

Confusing an idiomatic expression. Difficulties understanding the meanings.


1-Idiomatic expressions:

exp : literal meaningliteral meaning

« « Before the bartender made the drink,she Before the bartender made the drink,she broke the ice with a small hammer and broke the ice with a small hammer and dropped it into the blender.dropped it into the blender. » »

idiomatic meaningidiomatic meaning

«« Before the conference began, the speaker broke the ice with a joke.”


1-Idiomatic expressions:

broke the ice

To make a beginning To get through theTo make a beginning To get through the

1st difficulties in1st difficulties in

starting a starting a conversationconversation


2-Phrasal verb:

Frequently heard in spoken English

Phrasal verb is a verb + preposition structure

Sometimes referred to as 2-word or 3-word verb.

SSpecial meaning


2-Phrasal verb:

Exp:Exp:

Put off –delay............................ postpone

Sow up – appear ...........................come

English skillsEnglish skills

The focus on this point is :The focus on this point is :

-To highlight the importance of each skill area.-To highlight the importance of each skill area.

-To illustrate each skill requirements-To illustrate each skill requirements

-To gather a global 4-skills-concept in mind-To gather a global 4-skills-concept in mind


What do you have to do before you What do you have to do before you cancan

speak?speak?

What does a child learn before heWhat does a child learn before he

talks?talks?

What do we do before chatting?What do we do before chatting?


ListeningListening

English skillsEnglish skills1-Listening1-Listening

Children begin listening to their parentsChildren begin listening to their parents

Children automatically acquire such language Children automatically acquire such language

listening can help improve speaking considerablylistening can help improve speaking considerably

It is neither the easiest nor the most meaninglessIt is neither the easiest nor the most meaningless


Why is listening good ?Why is listening good ?


Reviewing a lot of English usageReviewing a lot of English usage

Learning new words and expressionsLearning new words and expressions

General knowledgeGeneral knowledge

We can imitate what we hear We can imitate what we hear

Listening can be a good “hobby” Listening can be a good “hobby”

To train our attentionTo train our attention..


How can we listen to English?How can we listen to English?


Radio programmesRadio programmes

English English broadcasterbroadcaster


Some of the most listening skills are :Some of the most listening skills are :

-Listening for gist-Listening for gist

-Listening for detail-Listening for detail

-Listening for specific information-Listening for specific information

-Inferential listening-Inferential listening


SpeakingSpeaking

English skillsEnglish skills22-Speaking-Speaking

How do you become a more How do you become a more confidentconfident

English speaker ?English speaker ?


Practice anywhere, anytime.Practice anywhere, anytime. Build confidenceBuild confidence Experiment English that you knowExperiment English that you know Try to RespondTry to Respond Avoid translation Avoid translation Avoid being silentAvoid being silent Don’t speak too fastDon’t speak too fast Relax Relax


Remember, when speaking Remember, when speaking English…English…


Be less hesitantBe less hesitant

Don’t be shy to speakDon’t be shy to speak

Be politeBe polite


ReadingReading

English skillsEnglish skills33-Reading-Reading

Do I read every word in my Do I read every word in my ownown

language when I am reading a language when I am reading a schedule, summary, or other schedule, summary, or other outliningoutlining

document?document?


Do I read every word in my ownDo I read every word in my own language when I am reading a language when I am reading a

schedule, summary, or other schedule, summary, or other outliningoutlining

document?document?

No !No !


SkimmingSkimming

ScanningScanning

Extensive readingExtensive reading

Intensive readingIntensive reading


SkimmingSkimming


ScanningScanning


Extensive readingExtensive reading


Intensive readingIntensive reading


WritingWriting

English skillsEnglish skills44-Writing-Writing

Write with necessary caution…Write with necessary caution…



Avoid slangs Avoid slangs

Avoid abbreviations unless necessaryAvoid abbreviations unless necessary

Steer away from symbols « & »Steer away from symbols « & »

Becareful with stereotypes (clichés)Becareful with stereotypes (clichés)

( ) to play down words or phrases( ) to play down words or phrases

_ for emphasis_ for emphasis

Spell names correctlySpell names correctly


Numbers < 10 should be expressed as wordsNumbers < 10 should be expressed as words exp : « Ten years ago,my brother… ».exp : « Ten years ago,my brother… ».

Numbers > 10 are expressed as they areNumbers > 10 are expressed as they are exp « My brother has 13 sandal peers ».exp « My brother has 13 sandal peers ».

(“ ” / ‘ ’) should be placed around speech(“ ” / ‘ ’) should be placed around speech and titles .and titles .

Keep short sentences.Keep short sentences.


Remember…Remember…

Input OutputInput Output(listening, reading)(listening, reading) (speaking, (speaking,

writing)writing)

The international English The international English assessment systemsassessment systems

Cambridge exams:Cambridge exams: IELTS, BECIELTS, BEC

Exams from British examining boardsExams from British examining boards

Using British EnglishUsing British English


American exams:American exams: TOEFL, TOEICTOEFL, TOEIC

Exams from U-S examining boardsExams from U-S examining boards

Using American EnglishUsing American English


The main levels:The main levels:AdvancedAdvanced / Proficient / Level 5/ Proficient / Level 5

Upper IntermediateUpper Intermediate / Higher Intermediate / Level 4/ Higher Intermediate / Level 4

IntermediateIntermediate / Level 3/ Level 3

LowerLower IntermediateIntermediate/Pre-Intermediate/Primary/ /Pre-Intermediate/Primary/ Level 2Level 2

ElementaryElementary / Beginners / Basic / Level 1/ Beginners / Basic / Level 1


LEVELLEVELSS

IELTIELTSS

CambrCambri-i-

dgedge

BECBEC TOEFTOEFLL

paperpaper

TOEFTOEFLL

electroelectro

TOEITOEICC

AdvancedAdvanced 8.08.0 CPECPE __ 670670 290290 990990UpperUpper

intermediintermediateate

7.07.0 CAECAE Higher Higher 600600 250250 810810

IntermediIntermediateate

6.06.0 FCEFCE VantageVantage 530530 200200 660660

LowerLower

intermediintermediateate

5.05.0 PETPET PreliminPreliminaryary

470470 150150 520520

ElementaElementaryry

4.04.0 KETKET __ 400400 100100


AbbreviationsAbbreviations::IELTSIELTS : : International English Language Testing System International English Language Testing System

BECBEC : : Business English CertificateBusiness English Certificate

TOEFLTOEFL : : Test of English as a Foreign LanguageTest of English as a Foreign Language

TOEICTOEIC : : Test of English for International Test of English for International CommunicationCommunication

Cambridge exams:Cambridge exams:

KETKET (Key English Test) (Key English Test)PETPET (Preliminary English Test) (Preliminary English Test)FCEFCE (First Certificate in English) (First Certificate in English)CAECAE (Certificate in Advanced English) (Certificate in Advanced English)CPECPE (Certificate of Proficiency in English)(Certificate of Proficiency in English)


For further details :For further details :

www.ukstudentlife.comwww.ukstudentlife.com

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

&& DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION

Technology

English As A Second Language-ALGERIA