- 1. EnergyLaura Corchero Murga,lvaro Prez Daz 2B
2. INDEXEnergy DefinitionTypes of EnergyEnergy SourcesRenewable
EnergyNon Renewable EnergyTypes of Power Stations 3. What is
energy?We canunderstand theterm energy asthe ability ofan object to
doa work using anenergy source. 4. Units of EnergyWe can measure
energy in different units:- In Joules (J)- In Kilojoules (kJ), that
are used to express largerquantities of energy (1000 J = 1kJ)- In
Calories (cal), that often measures heatenergy..- In Kilocalories
(kcal), that are used to expresslarger quantities of heat.-
Calories and Joules measure different units ofenergy:1cal= 4.18 J
5. Types of EnergyEnergy is classified according to how exists
innature. There are different types:- Mechanical Energy-Electrical
Energy-Electromagnetic Energy-Sound Energy- Chemical Energy-
Nuclear Energy- Thermal or Calorific Energy 6. Mechanical
EnergyKinetic Energy: Is the energy related to motion or its the
energy that objects and bodies have when they move. Its also
related as the work needed to acelerate a body of a given mass from
rest. 7. Mechanical Energy Potential Energy: Is the energy that
objects have when theyre in a high, (its called gravitational
potential energy) or when theyre moved from their stable position
of equilibrium. For example, when the water falls, it does a force
from a distance and it does a work, like moving a turbine. 8.
Electrical Energy Electrical energy is the energy associated with
the electric current produced by the movement of electric charges
inside the conductor materials. When they are connected to a supply
of electricity, it makes electrically powered machines work.
Electrical energy produces effects, like luminous, thermical and
magnetical. Electrical energy can be transported easily. 9.
Electromagnetic EnergyElectromagnetic energy is a form of
energyemmited from objects in the form of electricaland magnetic
waves than can travel through space,such as radio, television, or
X-ray waves. Luminousenergy is a type of electromagnetic
energyproduced by the sun and artificial lights. 10. Sound
EnergySound energy is associated with wavestransmited by the air
and produced byvibration objects. We can say that soundenergy is a
form of mechanical energy. 11. Chemical Energy Chemical energy is
the part of the energy in a substance that can be released by
achemical reaction. Its stored in substances and itcan be absorved
during chemical processes. 12. Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is the
energy released by reactions involiving the nuclei of atoms. We
transform nuclar energy into electricity in nuclear power stations.
13. Thermal or calorific energy Thermal energy is a type of energy
that comes from the vibratio nof particles in matter. Temperature
measures the thermal energy of an object. 14. PowerThe power of a
machine is thequantity of work that can do in aunit of time.The
formula of Power is:P= W/tWatts measures Power (P)Joules express
Work (W)Secounds measure time (t) 15. Energy SourcesEnergy sources
are natural resources thatprovides different forms of energy.
Thisenergy is transformed of specific uses.Energy sources can be
renewable or non-renewable:Non renewable energy sources:
Nuclearenergy, coal, petroleum, and natural gasRenewable energy
sources: Hydraulicenergy, Solar energy, Marine energy,Geothermal
energy, Biomass. 16. Non renewable energy sources - They come from
natural resources that are limited - They will run out if we
continue to use them. - Regeneration is very slowly because the
need millions of years to formWith non renewable energy sources is
easier andcheaper to produce energy that with Renewableenergy
sources. The main that we use at the moment are nuclearenergy and
energy from fossil fuels. 17. Nuclear
energyProduction:ProductionIts stored in the nuclei of atoms. It
originates from the splittingof uranium atoms in a process called
fission.There are two kinds: - Nuclear fusion: is the process by
which two or more atomicnuclei join together, or fuse", to form a
single heavier nucleus.This is usually accompanied by the release
of large quantities ofenergy. Its generated by stars 18. Nuclear
energy- Nuclear fission:Nuclear fission is a nuclearreaction in
which a heavynucleus (such as uranium)splits into two lighter
nuclei(and possible some otherradioactive particles as well)by
bombarding it withneutrons.The energy released in thefission of one
uraniumnucleus is about 50 milliontimes greater than thatreleased
when a carbon atomcombines with oxygen atomsin the burning of coal.
19. Nuclear EnergyTransformation:Nuclear power stations use fission
energy.In a nuclear reactor, nuclear energy is converted to thermal
energy.The thermal energy is used to heat water to make steam which
canbe used to spin turbines. The turbines spin electrical
generators. Alot of electric power comes from nuclear power
plants.There are six power stations in Spain, and generate one
third ofthe total energy consumed. 20. - Origin: Origin CoalAbout
three hundred millionyears ago, there was aclimate change in the
Earth.Oxygen dissapeared so allliving beings died and wereburied
and fosilised. Thisfosil is coal, which is lightand black. There
are fourtypes of coal (depending onthe amount of carbon itcontains:
anthracite,bituminous, lignite and peat. 21. CoalTransformation:The
coal is first burned in order to transform the chemical energy into
heatenergy. That heat energy is then absorbed by water inside a
boiler, where itis converted into steam. The heat energy in the
steam flows through a pipeinto a steam turbine where it is again
transformed, this time into mechanicalenergy that enables the
turbine shaft to spin. The mechanical energy in theturbine is then
transmitted by its shaft, enabling it to turn an
electricalgenerator. And, finally, the mechanical energy is
transformed by thegenerator into electrical energy. 22.
CoalExtraction:-Open-cast mines: When the coal is close to the
suface, the soil is removeand the coal is extracted with special
machinery explosives.-Underground mines: When is buried deep below
the surface, it must bemined underground. The shafts and tunnels of
the mines provide ventilationand eliminate the accumulate gas to
prevent accidents.UndergrouOpen-cast mine. nd mine 23. Transport:
CoalIn the mine, coal is transported by carts. Then, its washed and
gangue (the uselesspart), its removed. When it leaves the mine, its
transported:- By sea: in enormous ships (that can weight 500 000 t
)- By land: usually by train (its economical and they can carry
large loads)- By road: normally for local transportUses-For Energy-
Nowadays its used to: - Generate electricity in conventional power
stations - For central heating systems - In the past it was used
for street lighting and as a domestic fuel (in the form oftown gas,
produced from bituminous coal.- Other Uses Other uses are derivates
of coal, such as coke, used in steal industry and pich andtar, used
for making roads, plastic, medicines, etc. 24.
Origin:PetroleumPetroleum was formed by the remains of living
beings, such asplants and animals, buried under the sea and
descomposed bybacterial action. Its a liquid substance, and its and
has a lowerdensity than water. It can be found in porous rocks amd
basinsforming oil fields.Extraction:Petroleum is expensive and
difficult to extract because its verydeep underground. 1. First, a
well is drilled on land or under the sea. Then aplataform called
oil rig is built. 2. Pumps extract petroleum, or natural pressure
that causes theoil rise. 3. The extracted petroleum that contains
salt water, rock, mudand gas is purified. 25. PetroleumStorage and
transport:The purified crude oil (unrefined oil) is stored in oil
tankers and oilpipelines:- Oil tankers: Its is a merchant ship
designed for the transportof oil. There are two basic types of oil
tankers: the crude tankerand the product tanker. This dock at
special ports where theyrefilled and emptided quickly.- Oil
pipelines: are the most efficient method to transport crudeoil and
refined products over land. Theyre lie above the surfaceand buried
in protected trenches.Oil tankerOil pipeline 26.
PetroleumTransformation and uses: Fractional distillation isa
process carried out inrefineries sto producethese
derivates:-Liquefied gases, liquidfuels, fuel oil, lightcomponents
and heavycomponents. 27. Natural gasNatural gas is mixture of
hydrocarbon gases that occurs with petroleumdeposits, principally
methane together with other gases, and is used as a fueland in the
manufacture of organic compounds. It was formed fromdescomposed
plants and animals. Is found in underground fields and
porousrocks.Extraction: Natural gas is extracted by drilling and
its expensive to extract.Storage and transport: 1. It is
transported from gas fields by gas pipelines to a liquefaction
plant,that is an industrial plant where gas is converted into
liquid. 2. The gas is converted into liquid form (LNG). This
reduces the volume ofgas. 3. Its transported in LNG carries, that
are specially designed ships. 4. When the LNG reaches its
destination, its returned to gaseous state, andtransported again
through gas pipelines. 28. Natural gasUses:Natural gas is used to
produce thermalenergy, and in thermal power stations toobtain
electrical energy. 29. Renewable energy sourcesRenewable energy
sources are natural energyresources which does not have a limited
supply.Renewable energy can be used again and again,and will never
run outTypes: - Hydraulic energy - Solar energy - Wind energy -
Marine energy - Geothermal energy - Biomass - Municipal solid waste
30. Hydraulic energyHydraulic energy is what is produced by the
water which is stored inreservoirs and lakes at a high altitude (so
that it has gravitationalpotential energy). If at a given moment it
falls to a lower level, thisenergy is transformed into kinetic
energy and afterwards into electricalenergy in the hydroelectric
plantProduction: The water is stored in dams 1. When water is
released from the dam and falls, itspotential energy is transformed
into kinetic energy. 2. The kinetic energy moves the turbines which
rotates analternator. 3. The alternator transforms kinetic energy
intoelectricity. 31. Hydraulic energyTransformationTo transform
hydraulic energy, hydroelectric power stations need:- Rivers with a
lot of water- Rivers in valleys with a high slope.Small hydraulic
power stations dont contamintate because theyreused to provide
electricity to small villages.Advantages and
DisadvantagesAdvantages: It is a clean energy source, without waste
productsand is easy to store. Also the water stored in reservoirs
situated ataltitude permits the regulation of the flow of the
river. Disadvantages: The construction of hydroelectric plants
isexpensive and needs large networks of power cables. Reservoirs
alsomean the loss of productive soil and fauna due to the flooding
of theirhabitat. They also cause a decrease in the flow of the
rivers andstreams below the dam and alter the quality of the
waters. 32. Solar energy Solar energy is the energy received by the
earth from the sun. Thisenergy is in the form of solar radiation,
which makes the production ofsolar electricity possible. Life
appeared thanks to solar energybencause its necessary for plants to
make photosynthesis.Production and transformation Solar energy can
be used: - To produce hot water using flat solar thermal
collectors. The sun energyis transformed into heat energy using the
collectors. - To generate electricity using solar panels. The
photovoltaic cellstransform sun energy into electricity. This is
used for consumption in homes,busunesses and industry. - To produce
electricity using heliostat fields. The sun energy is used toheat
up water and produce steam. A generator uses steam to
produceelectricity. 33. Solar energyAdvantages and
disadvantages:Advantages: Solar energy is a completely
renewableresource.Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all.Solar
energy creates absolutely no pollution.Very little maintenance is
required to keep solar cells running.Solar powered panels and
products are typically extremelyeasy to install.Disadvantages: The
Solar Cells and Solar Panels that areneeded to harness solar energy
tend to be very expensivewhen you first purchase them.Solar power
cannot be harnessed during a storm, on a cloudyday or at night 34.
Wind energyWind Energy is the energy received from themovement of
the wind across the earth. This energy isa result of the heating of
our oceans, earth, andatmosphere by the sun. It has been used since
ancientto move sailing ships.Production and transformationWinds are
caused by uneven heating of the atmosphereby the sun. Wind energy
has kinetic energy, and when itcauses the blades of a wind turbine
move, they convertthe kinetic energy of wind energy into
mechanicalpower. Then, mechanical power its tranformed
intoelectricity 35. Wind energyAdvantages and
disadvantages:Advantages:Its friendly to the surrounding
environment-Wind turbines take up less space than the average power
station.-Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in
remotelocationsDisadvantages:-Sometimes, the winds strength is too
low to support a wind turbineor wind farm- Require multiple wind
turbines to be built in order to make animpact.-Wind turbine
construction can be very expensive 36. Marine energyMarine energy
refers to the energy carried byocean waves, tides, salinity, and
ocean temperaturedifferences. The movement of water in the
worldsoceans creates kinetic energy, or energy in motion.
Thisenergy can be harnessed to generate electricity topower homes,
transport and industries.Marine energy can be used:- Tidial energy
is extracted from the tides.- Wave energy is obtained from the
movementof sea waves.- Ocean thermal energy is produced from
thedifference of temperature between the surfaceof the sea and the
deep sea. 37. Geothermal energyGeothermal energy is the thermal
energy from theEarth., and its stored below the Earths crust.
Itusually go out the earth in the form of hot springsand geysers
and volcanic eruptions. If thetemperature is below 150, heat is
produced and ifthe temperature is above 150 electricity is
producedby this process: 38. Geothermal energy 39. BiomassBiomass
is biological material derived fromliving, or recently living
organisms. Biomass forenergy can include a wide range of
materials,such as virgin wood, energy crops, agriculturalresidues,
food waste and industrial waste andco-products.Fossil fuels are
also derivated from biologicalmaterial, but the vital differennce
betweenbiomass and fosil fuels is one of time scale. 40. Biomass
41. Types of power stationsThere are different types of
PowerStations according to the type of energythat they transform
into electricity. Themain are:- Hydraulic Power Stations- Solar
Power Stations- Nuclear Power Stations-Thermal Power Stations-Eolic
Power Stations 42. Hydraulic Power StationsHydraulic Power Stations
use the kinetic or potential energy offlowing water to produce
electricity.How do they work?Water in these reservoirs flow down
the dam and rotate a turbine.As the blades of a turbine turn, so do
the magnets inside thegenerator which is connected to the turbine.
These magnets rotatecopper coils and with each rotation,
electricity is produced.Building reservoirs can spoil the landscape
and destroy villages, andir a dam breaks, it can even provoke a
catastrophe. But theadvantages are that producing hydraulic energy
is cheap, clean andnon-polluting. 43. Hydraulic Power Station 44.
Solar Power StationsSolar power stations use the solar energy that
comes from thesun to produce electricity. Solar energy is one of
the mostabundant natural resources.How do they work?Using solar
panels, light is transform into electricity usingphotovoltaic
cells.In heliostat fields, mirror reflect light onto a collector.
Thecolectors use the thermal energy of the solar energy to
heatwater and produce steam. A generator then uses the steam
toproduce electricity.Solar power stations are not very abundant
because theyre quiteexpensive for general use, but they produce
unlimited energywithout polluntig. 45. Nuclear Power
StationsNuclear Power Stations work using the chemical process
offission, and also the process of fussion. Nuclear reactorsare
used to generate electricity.How do they work?Fission is a type of
nuclear reaction in which, when theatoms of elements absorb free
neutrons, they split intotwo or more small nuclei and some free
neutrons. In theprocess, large amount of energy is released.Nuclear
Power Stations produce a lot of electricity, butits very dangerous
for the environment and pollute a lot.They can provoke a
catastrophe, like in 2011, in Fukushima. 46. Nuclear Power Stations
47. Thermal Power StationsThermal Power Stations generate
electrical energy from thermalenergy (heat). They use the heat from
burning coal, petroleumand natural gas.How do they work?Today, coal
is the most common fuel that is used by thermalpower stations. The
heat generated by burning the fossil fuels isused to turn a
rotating machinery, most commonly a steamturbine or a gas turbine
that changes the thermal energy intomechanical energy. The rotating
turbine is attached to analternator that coverts the mechanical
energy of the rotatingturbine into electrical energy.Thermal power
stations can be polluting for the environment. 48. Eolic Power
StationsEolic Power Stations transform wind energy into
electricalenergy in wind farms using wind turbines.How do they
work?When wind energy causes the blades of a wind turbine to
move,the winds kinetic energy is converted into electricity. 49.
Wind turbines can produce water A French engineering invented a
special wind turbine that can produce water from thin air, but
theyre still developing the capacities. The wind turbine suck the
air that contains water. It extracts humidity from the air,
creating moisture which is condensed and collected. Then the water
is filtered and purified before it can be consumed. One turbine can
produce 1000 liters of water every day, depending on the condition.
Its enough to provide water from 2000 to 3000 people. So this wind
turbine is very useful in places where there is no water, like
Africa, South Africa and some places in Asia. Now the wind turbine
is a little bit expensive, but it isnt so much compared with the
solutions that it gives. 50. TheEnd
