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ENERGY 101: kilo-what?
Gustav BrändströmAngela Vreeland
Outline
What is Energy? Where does Energy come from? Why is carbon bad?
What is Energy?
What is Energy? Def. the capacity of a system to do
work. Potential Energy – Electricity and
Heat Kinetic Energy – Moving mass
Energy in Homes
Sources Electricity Natural Gas / LPG Fuel Oil District Heating/Cooling Biomass
Energy in homes Energy use in homes
www.eia.doe.gov
Energy words
Watt (W) [or Kilowatt (kW) = 1000 W] Unit of power, rate of usage Light bulbs, hairdryers and blenders
Kilowatt Hour (kWh) Unit of energy, amount of usage Power over time Seen on energy bills
Energy words
Btu British Thermal Unit Energy – amount of usage Raise 1lb of water 1˚F 1 Btu = Burning a match 1,000 Btu ≈ 1 cubic foot of natural
gas 100,000 Btu = 1 Therm
A million different ratings… (S)EER – (Seasonal) Energy Efficiency
Rating (S)EER = # of Btu per Wh SEER = EER ÷ 0.9 = COP x 3.792 Higher is better SEER 13 is minimum for AC units from 2005
COP – Coefficient of Performance COP = Work Output per Energy Input Higher is better Found on heat pumps
A million different ratings… % Efficient
The ratio of the work done to the energy supplied to it
Most clear rating A very general term (cars, motors, etc.)
Efficacy Amount of Lumens per Watt Incandescent – 17 Lumens/Watt Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) – 70 Lum/W CFLs have about 4X higher Efficacy
(4X “more efficient”)
Where does energy come from?
Where does energy come from?
Major Energy Sources: Electricity Petroleum Natural Gas Renewables
Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass, etc
Where does energy come from?
www.eia.doe.gov
U.S. Energy Flow, 2006 (Quadrillion Btu)
Where does energy come from?
U.S. Energy Flow- Key Points 1/3 of our total energy supply is imported. 85% of the total energy we use is in the
form of fossil fuels. The percent total energy use of each
sector: Residential- 21% Commercial- 18% Industrial- 32% Transportation- 28%
Where does energy come from?
ElectricityU.S. Electricity Flow, 2006 (Quadrillion Btu)
www.eia.doe.gov
Where does energy come from?
Electricity Half of our electricity comes from coal. The rest is from natural gas, nuclear, and
some renewables. Majority of energy used to make
electricity is domestic. 65% of the energy is lost in
conversion, transmission, and distribution!!!
Where does energy come from?
Electricity from coal or natural gas1. Fuel is burned to produce
heat to boil water.2. The steam from the
boiling water spins a large fan called a turbine.
3. The turbine rotates a large magnet to create an electrical charge.
www.oncor.com
Where does energy come from?
Electricity from nuclear1. Uranium atoms are split in a process
called fission. Fission releases energy that can be used to make steam.
2. The steam from the boiling water spins a large fan called a turbine.
3. The turbine rotates a large magnet to create an electrical charge.
www.inkycircus.com
Where does energy come from?
ElectricityMultiple steps and associated efficiencies in converting chemical energy of a fuel to energy as visible light for
illumination.
Where does energy come from?
Petroleum- The U.S. consumed 939 million tons in 2006
www.bp.com
Where does energy come from?
Petroleum Crude Oil Oil Sands (Tar Sands) Shale Oil
Where does energy come from?
Petroleum Crude Oil
Located in oil wells (Middle East) Liquid form Extraction and refinery is less harmful to the
environment
www.wikipedia.org
Where does energy come from?
Petroleum Oil Sands (Tar Sands)
Mix of clay, sand, water, and bitumen Bitumen is a viscous, solid or semisolid form
of oil Usually mined through strip or open pit
mining Requires a large amount of water and energy
to process Most oil reserves in the world are oil sands,
primarily located in Canada and Venezuela
Where does energy come from?
Petroleum Oil Sands (Tar Sands)
climatechangeaction.blogspot.com
Where does energy come from?
Petroleum Shale Oil
Sedimentary rock that contains bitumen Complicated and more expensive to convert
to oil Located worldwide, U.S. has 2/3 of total
reserves in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming
www.dkimages.com
Where does energy come from?
Petroleum
Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil (Gallons)
www.eia.doe.gov
Where does energy come from?
Natural Gas- The U.S. consumed 620 billion cubic meters in 2006
www.bp.com
Where does energy come from?
Natural Gas Primarily composed of methane. Burns “clean”- emits lower levels of
harmful byproducts than other gases. Found in underground reservoirs. LNG is Liquid Natural Gas, which must be
kept at -260°F. LNG can be shipped and stored easier
than in gaseous form- takes up 1/600th of the volume.
Where does energy come from?
Natural Gas
www.eia.doe.gov
Where does energy come from?
Natural Gas Over half the homes in
the U.S. use natural gas as their main heating fuel.
www.eia.doe.gov
Where does energy come from?
Renewable Energy Electricity
Hydro Wind
Heat Burning wood or other biomass Solar (solar thermal) Geothermal
Transportation Fuel Biodiesel (soybeans, algae, etc) Ethanol (corn, sugarcane, cellulose, etc)
Burning wood or other biomass Solar (photovoltaics)
Where does energy come from?
Renewable Energy
www.eia.doe.gov
The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in the U.S. Energy Supply, 2005
Why is carbon bad?
Why is carbon bad?
Greenhouse Effect
www.eere.energy.gov
Why is carbon bad?
Greenhouse Gases Emitted by U.S.
www.eia.doe.gov
Why is carbon bad?
Annual production of different GHGs worldwide
- - = Not applicable because these gases cannot be summed in native units.
Annual Production of GHGs worldwide
6.01
0.03 Less than 0.005 - -0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxides HFCsPFCsSF6
Bill
ion
s M
etr
ic T
on
s o
f G
as
www.eia.doe.gov
Why is carbon bad?
How bad the different GHGs are for the environment, compared to CO2
The Global Warming Potential of GHGs, by type of Gas, 2005
100
10
63
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxides HFCsPFCsSF6
Po
ten
tia
l co
mp
are
d t
o C
arb
on
Dio
xid
e
www.eia.doe.gov
Why is carbon bad?
Carbon Cycle (Billion Metric Tons Carbon)
www.eia.doe.gov
Why is carbon bad?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sources
Respiration Volcanoes Land-use Change (releasing carbon sinks) Fossil Fuel Combustion Lime and Cement Manufacturing Biomass Burning
Why is carbon bad?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Since the Industrial Revolution, the
concentration has risen by about 25% in the Earth’s atmosphere.
www.eoearth.org
Why is carbon bad?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Will exceed 700 ppm by the end of
this century. According to the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, this could lead to global warming of between 1.5 and 10.4°F!
Frequent severe weather conditions Damage to many natural ecosystems
Why is carbon bad?
Carbon Footprint “A Carbon Footprint is a measure of the
impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide.”- carbonfootprint.com
Reduce Yours! The average carbon footprint in the U.S. is 18.58
tons of CO2 per year! Take the MN Energy Challenge
Further Information
Questions?
