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ecology
The branch of biology that deals with the study of the relationship
between organisms and their environment.
ecology
Ecosystem Structure
organism
In a form of may be simple and one-celled or complex and multi-cellular.
populationIt consists of
groups of similar individuals found in a certain area at a given time.
The individuals that form a population may be of the same or related species.
Groups of Living Things
communityAll populations of
organisms that live together in a specific area, and depend upon one another for food and shelter.ex. A rotting log.
ecosystemAny stable
environment in which living and nonliving things interact and in which materials are used over and over again.ex. The seashore.
Defined as the major ecological grouping of organisms.
biomes
biosphere
The area in which life is possible.
Characteristics of Population
D=N/SN=number of individualsS=area
Ex. There are 40 students in a 150m2.
D=40 students/ 150m2
D=0.26 students/m2
Population density
Dangers of predatorsAvailability of food
WaterLightHeat
Nesting places
Factors of density
Well-maintained lawn
density
Semi-desert
random
distribution
uniform
clumped
Behavior of population
Communication
aggression
Visual displays
defense
coloration
Mute animals
Communicating by sound
Sound making
Use of chemicals
Physical contact
Social behaviorThe interactions of animals among
their own kind.
Social organization
Schooling
Flocking
Herding
How Populations Change
Guidelines to reach biotic potential:Must have all the foods or raw
materialsWaterSpace it needs to surviveIdeal climateAbsence of competitors and
disease
Biotic potential
Ex. A pair of housefly.
The collection of factors that reduce the growth rate of a population.
Environmental resistance
Biotic factorsThis includes the
nonliving physical elements in the environment such as: temperature, humidity, water, light, soil, slope, air and wind.
Factors affecting population growth
Abiotic factors
Living organisms or their characteristics in the environment.
Density-dependent
Density factors
Density-independent
Ex. Badger and coyote.Ex. Forest fire.
Carrying CapacityThe number of
individuals of a population a particular area can support in terms of space, food and shelter.Organisms
decrease as available food supply and living area are eliminated.
Community Structure and Function
Desert community
Species Diversity
Coastal community
Maple forest
Dominant Species
Red wood forest
Purple marsh crab
habitat
Rats
Cricket
Niche
Grasshopper
Special Relationships Among Organisms
It describes the relationship between two species which interact but do not affect each other. It describes interactions where the fitness of one species has absolutely no effect whatsoever on that of the other.
Neutralism
Competition
This is where both organisms that interact are harmed due to competition for resources.
Cooperation
Predation
This shows one organism killing and eating another organism.
Symbiotic Relationships
Amensalism It is between
two species involves one impeding or restricting the success of the other while the other species has no effect on it.
Mutualism
A relationship in which two different kinds of organisms live together to the benefit of both.
Parasitism
This is a relationship where one benefits at the expense of the other
Remora fish and shark
Commensalism Orchids on trees
• This is a kind of relationship where one of the organism is benefited, while the other is neither benefited nor harmed.
Interactions categorized by effectEffect on X
Effect on Y
Type of interaction
O O Neutralism
-- O Amensalism
+ O Commensalism
-- -- Competition
+ + Mutualism
+ -- Predation or parasitism
O = no effect-- =detrimental+
=beneficial
Trophic levels (food getting interactions)
Food Chains and Energy Flow
Primary producers(autotrophs)
Food-producing organisms in an ecosystem.
Primary consumers(herbivores)
Plant eating consumers
Secondary consumers(carnivores)
• Flesh eating consumers
They feed on dead organisms (the wastes of living organisms).
Ex. Fungi and bacteria
Decomposers(heterotrophs)
Food chainThe transference of energy in a community
from one organism to another in feeding patterns.
Food web The collection of connecting feeding patterns in a community.
Characteristics of Ecosystem
Succession The sequence of replacement of one
community of organisms with another.
This is the product of a calamity or disaster (ex. Earthquakes, lava flow, etc.) which directly affects the entire ecosystem.
Primary succession
Secondary succession
Biomes
Tundra
LOCATION: located in the far northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America.
CHARACTERISTICS: almost treeless plain. The subsoil is called permafrost.Winter: very long with short daylightSummer: very short with long daylight. The
ground is soggy because moisture cannot soak into the permafrost ground.
Because of the severe winters, many of the animals are migratory and move from one region to another with the change in seasons.
Tundra
Tundra trees and plants
Dwarf willows
Birches Mosses
sedges
Tundra herviboresCaribou
Arctic hare
Lemming
Tundra carnivores
Arctic fox
Bobcat
Polar bears
Taiga
LOCATION: 1300-1450 km. wide band south of tundra.
CHARACTERISTICS: it has long cold winters.:it’s summer season are longer
than in tundra. And summer temperatures may reach 10-21˚C. the subsoil thaws completely during this season.
Taiga
Taiga's abundant body of water
lakes
ponds
Taiga coniferous trees
Spruce tree
Pine tree
Fir tree
Taiga decidous trees
Aspen
Poplar tree
Taiga hervibores
Squirrel
Snowshoe hare
Predatory martens
Taiga migratory hervibores
Moose
Deer
Elk
Taiga predatorsTimber wolf
Grizzly bear
Wolverine
Temperate-decidous forest
LOCATION: south of the taiga in the northern hemisphere.
CHARACTERISTICS: it has hot summers, cold winters, rich soil and abundant rainfall. Trees lose their leaves during winter.
Temperate-decidous forest
Consumers and decomposersMillipedes
Snails
Fungi
Common decidous treesBeech
Maple
Oak
Hickory
Walnut
Common hervibores Chipmunks
Rabbits
Beavers
Important predatorsBlack bear
Fox
Predatory birdsHawk
Eagle
Owl
Ectothermic inhabitants
Snakes
Frogs
salamanders
Grassland
CHARACTERISTICS: :it usually have deep, rich soil. :hot summers, cold winters and irregular
rainfall.
Grassland
Important grassesIndian grass
Slough grass
Short grasses
Blue grama grass
Mesquite grass
Large hervibores
Pronghorn antelope
Wild horse
Bison
Small hervibores
Jack rabbit
Prairie dog
Ground squirrel
Desert
LOCATION :leeward side of mountain ranges, the side opposite the main wind direction.
CHARACTERISTICS: generally have hot days and cold nights.
Desert
Plants (during cold winters)Sagebrush
Saltbush
Plants (during warm winters)
Creosote bush
Yucca
Cactus
Herbivorous animalsJack rabbit
Ground squirrel
Predators
Coyotes
Badger
Kit fox
Prairie falcons
Other important biomes
Tropical rain forest
Location: within (roughly) 10 degrees north or south of the equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and on many of the Pacific Islands.
Characteristics: Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall. This often results in poor soils due to leaching of soluble nutrients. Oxisols, as are the soils of many seasonally flooded forests, which are annually replenished with fertile silt.
Tropical rainforest
Common animalsMonkeys
Colorful birds
Aquatic biome
Forms:
Ponds, lakes, streams
Rivers
Common inhabitantsAlgae
Flatworms
Clams
Marine biome
Marine biome
Factors influencing living things:-depth of the water-currents-tides-high penetration-temperature
The communities are made up of populations which at high tide are under water but low tide are actually on land.
Savanna
LOCATION: Savannas are frequently in a transitional zone between forest and desert or prairie. Savanna covers 20% of the Earth's land area. The largest area of savanna is in Africa.
CHARACTERISTICS: seasonal water availability, with the majority of rainfall confined to one season.:tree densities are higher and trees are more regularly spaced than in forest.
Savanna
Chaparral
LOCATION: the west coast of the United States, the west coast of South America, the Cape Town area of South Africa, the western tip of Australia and the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.
CHARACTERISTICS: very hot and dry. As for the temperature, the winter is very mild and is usually about 10 °C. Then there is the summer. It is so hot and dry at 40 °C that fires and droughts are very common.
Chaparral
Coniferous forest
FUN FACTSThe largest Coniferous forest exists in a ring in
Alaska, Canada, northern Europe, and northern Asia, in a ring in the Northern Hemisphere. This forest is called the "Taiga".
Most of the world's commercial softwood
timber, used for paper, comes from the Taiga. Coniferous Forests are the largest land Biome
of the World.
Coniferous forest
=END=
Prepared by:Rhonabelle C. Felix
For:Sir JV (gen. bio instructor)