Earthquakes Sustainability, & Codes

Earthquakes, Codes, &

Sustainability


Sustainability

byRonald H. Dunn, SE

Paul W. McMullin, SE, PhDSalt Lake Sustainable Building Conference

April 29, 2008

Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008

Sustainable Design?Sustainable Design?

State of California (2005)


Outline

Life Safety to a Structural Engineer

Effect of Architectural Design Decisions on Structural Material Consumption

Seismic Design OptionsPerformance Based DesignBase Isolation

Life Safety to a Structural Engineer

Effect of Architectural Design Decisions on Structural Material Consumption

Seismic Design OptionsPerformance Based DesignBase Isolation


Hazard Examples

FireFire EarthquakeEarthquake

krudesign (2007)


College Academic Building:

3 Story, 26,000 SF3-story- 26,000 sf.

% of

DIVISION Cost/SF Cost Total

O1 General Requirements 19.01 494,260 5.52%

O3 Concrete 13.55 352,300 3.94%

O4 Masonry 14.81 385,060 4.30%

O5 Metals 20.28 527,280 5.89%

O6 Wood & Plastics 13.54 352,040 3.93%

O7 Moisture Protection 35.91 933,660 10.43%

O8 Openings 48.63 1,264,380 14.12%

O9 Finishes 43.04 1,119,040 12.50%

1O Specialties 4.52 117,520 1.31%

11 Equipment 0.50 13,000 0.15%

12 Furnishings 7.31 190,060 2.12%

14 Conveying Systems 5.09 132,340 1.48%

15 Mechanical 74.00 1,924,000 21.49%

16 Electrical 36.18 940,680 10.51%21 Fire Suppression /Protect 7.95 206,700 2.31%

Totals $344.32 $8,952,320 100.00%

Structural totals 48.64 $1,264,640 14.13%

Increase structural system cost by 23% $202,303

Increase total cost by only 2.2% $1,466,943 16.39%


Life Safety Through the Eyes of an SE

GET PEOPLEOUT THE

DOOR ALIVE

GET PEOPLEGET PEOPLEOUT THE OUT THE

DOOR ALIVEDOOR ALIVE



Structural Code generally does not consider:

Building economics

Business interruption losses

Sustainability

Structural Code generally does not consider:

Building economics

Business interruption losses

Sustainability


Building State After a Major Earthquake

Northridge EarthquakeMagnitude 6.7Estimated Economic

Loss $49.3 billion

Northridge EarthquakeMagnitude 6.7Estimated Economic

Loss $49.3 billion

PEER (2000)



Building State After a Major Earthquake:

Northridge

SDEDC (1994)


Building State After a Major Earthquake:

Northridge

FEMA (2000)



The purpose of this code is to establish the minimum requirements to

safeguard the public health, safety and general welfare…

(IBC 2006, 101.3)

The purpose of this code is to establish the minimum requirements to

safeguard the public health, safety and general welfare…

(IBC 2006, 101.3)



Misconception:A structure built to Code is earthquake proof.

Misconception:A structure built to Code is earthquake proof.

American (2004)



KS

L (2

007)


The Question Matters

Never ask a Structural Engineer if something is possible. He will get a

twinkle in his eye and say YES!

ASK HOW MUCH IT WILL COST(Christensen 2004)

Never ask a Structural Engineer if Never ask a Structural Engineer if something is possible. He will get a something is possible. He will get a

twinkle in his eye and say YES!twinkle in his eye and say YES!

ASK HOW MUCH IT WILL COSTASK HOW MUCH IT WILL COST(Christensen 2004)(Christensen 2004)


Architectural Effect on Structure:

Plan & Vertical Irregularities






Plan Irregularity



Vertical Irregularity




Code requires increased force for irregular framing

Force increases 25-300%with a materialincrease of 12-300%

Code requires increased force for irregular framing

Force increases 25-300%with a materialincrease of 12-300%



Redundancy Deficient

Code penalty for non-redundant structures

Non redundant structures have:

Less load sharing abilityHigher forcesLower toughness

Increase of 1.3 factor ( ρρρρ)on seismic forces

Code penalty for non-redundant structures

Non redundant structures have:

Less load sharing abilityHigher forcesLower toughness

Increase of 1.3 factor ( ρρρρ)on seismic forces

FE

MA

(20

00)



Redundancy Deficient

Net result of non-redundant structure:

1/3 increase in seismic force =net material increase (16-33%)

Net result of nonNet result of non --redundant structure: redundant structure:

1/3 increase in seismic force =1/3 increase in seismic force =net material increase (16net material increase (16 --33%)33%)


Improved Seismic

Design Options

Performance Based DesignAllows owner to pairground shaking with post-earthquake condition

Performance Based DesignAllows owner to pairground shaking with post-earthquake condition

Base IsolationProtects both structureand contents

Base IsolationProtects both structureand contents


Performance Based Seismic Design:

Basics

Next generation seismic design methodology

Originally developed by FEMA for existing buildings

Applicable for new design

Considers each element’s energy dissipation capacity

Next generation seismic design methodology

Originally developed by FEMA for existing buildings

Applicable for new design

Considers each element’s energy dissipation capacity



Pairing

Target Building Performance Levels

Ope

ratio

nal P

erfo

rman

ce

Leve

l (1-

A)

Imm

edia

te O

ccup

ancy

P

erfo

rman

ce L

evel

(1-

B)

Life

Saf

ety

Per

form

ance

Le

vel (

3-C

)

Col

laps

e P

reve

ntio

n P

erfo

rman

ce L

evel

(5-

E)

Ear

thqu

ake

Haz

ard

Leve

l

Once every 100 years Once every 250 years Once every 500 years Once every 2500 years

a e i

m

b f j n

c g k o

d h l p



Levels & Acceleration

Performance levelsOperationalImmediate OccupancyLife Safety (IBC)Collapse Prevention

Performance levelsOperationalImmediate OccupancyLife Safety (IBC)Collapse Prevention

Acceleration OptionsTypical

50%/50 (1/100 year)20%/50 (1/250 year)10%/50 (1/500 year)2/3 of 2%/50 (IBC)2%/50 (1/2500 year)

Any probability between those listed above

Acceleration OptionsTypical

50%/50 (1/100 year)20%/50 (1/250 year)10%/50 (1/500 year)2/3 of 2%/50 (IBC)2%/50 (1/2500 year)

Any probability between those listed above


TotalTotalTotalTotal1111

Option Force Lateral % Lat Cost % Cost% Cost% Cost% Cost

Increase Cost Increase IncreaseIncreaseIncreaseIncrease

Typical Office 1.00 $1,378,000 0.00%

Hospital 1.50 $1,643,325 19.25% 1.08%

10%/50- IO 2.15 $1,916,725 32.78% 2.18%

5%/50- IO 3.40 $2,216,700 43.76% 3.40%

1. Based on $125/SF2. Gravity Frame

$38.25

$2,239,395

PBD

IBC


Cost Example



Cost Example

Mur

phy

(200

5)



Cost Example

0.45% of 1 year’s Gross Revenue

(1.6 days)

0.45% of 1 year0.45% of 1 year ’’s s Gross RevenueGross Revenue

(1.6 days)(1.6 days)



Base Isolation

Innovative designInnovative design


Base Isolation


Summary

Recycled steel and fly ashshould not be where our

thinking or creativity stops.

Recycled steel and fly ashRecycled steel and fly ashshould not be where ourshould not be where our

thinking or creativity stops.thinking or creativity stops.


Sustainability


Sustainability

byRonald H. Dunn, SE

Paul W. McMullin, SE, PhDSalt Lake Sustainable Building Conference

April 29, 2008


References

American (2004). Earthquake-Proofing project still shaky in Utah, American Library Association, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-2 1752826_ITM, last accessed April 28, 2008.

Center (2002). Strategic Insight, Center for Conte mporary Conflict, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/contact.asp , last accessed April 28, 2008.

Christensen (2004). Gary Christensen, personal com munication.CNNMoney (2001). NY attack may cost $105B,

http://money.cnn.com/2001/10/04/news/wtc_cost/ , last accessed April 28, 2008.

FEMA (2000). Recommended Seismic Design Criteria f or New Steel Moment Frame Buildings, FEMA-350, Federal Emergency Manage ment Agency, Washington D.C.

krudesign (2007). http://flickr.com/photos/krudesign/1006339582/ , last accessed April 29, 2008.

American (2004). Earthquake-Proofing project still shaky in Utah, American Library Association, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-2 1752826_ITM, last accessed April 28, 2008.

Center (2002). Strategic Insight, Center for Conte mporary Conflict, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/contact.asp , last accessed April 28, 2008.

Christensen (2004). Gary Christensen, personal com munication.CNNMoney (2001). NY attack may cost $105B,

http://money.cnn.com/2001/10/04/news/wtc_cost/ , last accessed April 28, 2008.

FEMA (2000). Recommended Seismic Design Criteria f or New Steel Moment Frame Buildings, FEMA-350, Federal Emergency Manage ment Agency, Washington D.C.

krudesign (2007). http://flickr.com/photos/krudesign/1006339582/ , last accessed April 29, 2008.


References

KSL (2007). Capitol Building Renovations are Earth quake Proof, http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=1192949, last acces sed April 28, 2008.

Murphy (2005). http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamiemurphey/56000489/, last accessed April 29, 2008.

PEER (2000). Strong Motion Database, Pacific Earthq uake EngieneringResearch Center, http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/ , last accessed April 28, 2008.

SCEDC (1994). Southern California Earthquake Data C enter, http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/northshow.htm l, lasted accessed April 28, 2008.

State of California (2005). Guidelines for Earthqu ake Bracing of Residential Water Heaters, State of California, http://www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/dsa/pubs/waterheate rbracing_11_30_05.pdf , lasted accessed April 28, 2008.

WTC (2008). World Trace Center Photos, http://jeffreymunro.com/worldtradecenterphotos/slid es/0126.html , last accessed April 28, 2008.

KSL (2007). Capitol Building Renovations are Earth quake Proof, http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=1192949, last acces sed April 28, 2008.

Murphy (2005). http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamiemurphey/56000489/, last accessed April 29, 2008.

PEER (2000). Strong Motion Database, Pacific Earthq uake EngieneringResearch Center, http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/ , last accessed April 28, 2008.

SCEDC (1994). Southern California Earthquake Data C enter, http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/northshow.htm l, lasted accessed April 28, 2008.

State of California (2005). Guidelines for Earthqu ake Bracing of Residential Water Heaters, State of California, http://www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/dsa/pubs/waterheate rbracing_11_30_05.pdf , lasted accessed April 28, 2008.

WTC (2008). World Trace Center Photos, http://jeffreymunro.com/worldtradecenterphotos/slid es/0126.html , last accessed April 28, 2008.

Technology

Earthquakes Sustainability, & Codes