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Ergonomics /Human Factors (HFE) Disability and Inclusive Design
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Loughborough Design School
Ergonomics /
Human Factors (HFE)
Disability and Inclusive Design
Dr. Sue Hignett
Reader in Healthcare Ergonomics & Patient Safety
Loughborough Design School
International Ergonomics Association (IEA)
� Scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of interactions among humans
and other elements of a system, and the
profession that applies theoretical principles,
data and methods to design in order to
optimise human well-being and overall
system performance (IEA, 2000)
Loughborough Design School
Ergonomics v Human Factors
� ‘ergonomics’ sometimes used to refer to interactions
with the physical environment
� ‘human factors’ sometimes used in connection with
psychological / organisational issues
� can not sensibly consider one without the other so
terms now mostly used interchangeably
Key words: safety, performance, comfort and satisfaction
Loughborough Design School
Change in public perception of disability
� How much has it changed practice?
� What is the latest thinking about rehabilitation?
� What does it mean for design?
2012 Paralympics
Loughborough Design School
Models of Disability
Medical Model: Individual physical or mental limitations
• Solutions are found by focussing on the individual
• Service provider prescribes and acts for a passive client
Economic model: Policy making
• Perception of a person’s inability to participate in work
• Assess the degree to which impairment affects individual productivity
Social Model: Effects of environmental, social and attitudinal barriers
• Prevention of participation in society
• Failure of society to adjust to meet needs and aspirations
• If a wheelchair user cannot use a bus….. the bus must be redesignedhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/gallery/2012/aug/31/paralympics-press-association-sport-graphics#/?picture=395465841&index=5
Loughborough Design School
Accessible Design
� Meets mandatory requirements for accessibility
� Service specific user groups
Adaptable Design
� Readily adjustable when need arises
� Considers possible change of use during life span
Inclusive (Universal) Design
� Serves every user in the safest possible and most convenient way by providing for an independent and equal way of living
� Goes beyond the minimum requirements of accessible design
Design Approaches
Loughborough Design School
Loughborough Design School
Loughborough Design School
What does this mean for design?
Loughborough Design School
� Provide the same means of use for all users; identical whenever possible, equivalent when not
� Avoid segregating or stigmatising any users
� Provisions for privacy, security and safety should be equally available to all users
1. Equitable Use
The design is useful and marketable to any group of users
2. Flexibility in Use
The design accommodates a wide range
of individual preferences and abilities
� Provide choice in methods of use
� Accommodate right and left handed access and use
� Facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision
� Provide adaptability to the user’s pace
Loughborough Design School
� Eliminate unnecessary complexity
� Be consistent with user expectations and intuition
� Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills
� Provide effective prompting for sequential actions
� Provide timely feedback during and after task completion
3. Simple and Intuitive Use
Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the
user’s experience, knowledge, language skills or
current concentration level
Loughborough Design School
� Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for presentation of essential information
� Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings
� Maximise ‘legibility’ of essential information in all sensory modalities
� Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (easy to give instructions or directions)
� Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations
4. Perceptible Information
The design communicates the necessary information
effectively to the user regardless of ambient conditions
of the user’s sensory abilities
Loughborough Design School
� Arrange elements to minimise hazards and errors
� most used elements, most accessible
� hazardous elements eliminated, isolated or shielded
� Provide warnings of hazards and errors
� Provide fail-safe features
� Discourage unconscious actions in tasks that require vigilance
5. Tolerance for Error
The design minimises hazards and the adverse
consequences of accidents or unintended actions
Loughborough Design School
� Allow user to maintain a neutral body position
� Use reasonable operating forces
� Minimise repetitive actions
� Minimise sustained physical effort
6. Low Physical Effort
The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and
with a minimum of fatigue
Loughborough Design School
� Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user
� Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user
� Accommodate variations in hand and grip size
� Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance
Appropriate size and space are provided for approach, reach
manipulation and use regardless of user’s body size,
posture or mobility
7. Size and Space for Approach and Use
Loughborough Design School
Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety
Loughborough Design School
DIAL-F model with service users as active members in a falls management system
17
Loughborough Design School
HTA developed iteratively with visits to:
� Coronary Care Unit
� Medical Ward (Older People)
� Orthopaedic (Trauma)
Top level activities:
Falls Risks through the Eyes of an Older Hospital In-Patient: Hierarchical Task Analysis
Loughborough Design School
Step 1: Decide to go to the toilet
Loughborough Design School
Step 4: Locate the Toilet
Loughborough Design School
� How much has it changed practice?
� Individual – yes (especially younger & sports players)
� Society – legacy design and plans to improve access
� What does it mean for design?
� Opportunity to make a step change from medical/economic models
of disability using accessible/adaptable design to….
Inclusive Design (social model of disability) as the
minimum standard
2012 Paralympics
Loughborough Design School
Thank you