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4. Diversity of Fishes
Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - Chordata
3 Classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes
Vertebrates:
• Ex: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals • Have a notochord (slim, flexible rod) present in early
stages - may be replaced by backbone in adults • Have a spinal cord • Respire through pharyngeal or gill pouches during
early development • Have post-anal tail in early stages • Endoskeleton made of bone &/or cartilage • Anterior head with well developed brain & sensory
organs (Cephalization) • Closed circulatory system
Taxonomy: 1. Class Agnatha: hagfish & lamprey-long,
eel-like bodies without jaws or paired fins & cartilage skeletons
Agnatha (Jawless Fish): • Hagfish& lampreys• Circular mouths that can’t close• Sharp teeth & strong, raspy tongue-tears hole in
prey & sucks out blood & body fluids• Eel-shaped body • Skeleton made of cartilage • No paired fins • Gills – no operculum• Hagfish: burrow in mud; scavenge on dead & dying
fish; have tentacles around their mouth • Lampreys: usually parasitic; great sense of smell to
find prey; covered with a poisonous slime
Lamprey with Prey
2. Class Chondrichthyes include sharks, rays, & skates also with cartilage
skeletons, paired fins, & jaws
Characteristics of the more advanced fishes:
• Streamlined body & muscular tail for swimming (know the differences between tail shapes!)
• Most - paired fins for maneuvering • Body covered with protective scales & mucus layer to
reduce friction when swimming • Respire through gills • Most - lateral line system-sensory structures running
down each side of the organism to detect changes in water temperature, pressure, current, etc.
• Most w/ well-developed sense of sight & smell • Most can detect electrical currents
• Ectotherms (body temperature close to outside temp.)
• Two chambered heart (1 atrium/1ventrical)
Class Chondrichthyes
• Includes sharks, rays, & skates
• Endoskeleton of cartilage
• Hinged jaws & paired fins
• Placoid scales & tooth-like dermal spines on scales
• Most Marine
• Most Carnivorous
Sharks vs. Rays
• Sharks are torpedo shaped=“fusiform”
Rays & skates have broad, flat bodies with wing-like fins and a tail
Shark Characteristics:• Large, oily liver helps w/ buoyancy• Have countershading: protective coloration (darker top
& lighter bottom)• Ventral mouth with 6-20 rows of sharp, replaceable
teeth • Short, straight intestine with spiral valve to slow food
movement • 5-7 pairs of gills for gas exchange • Kidneys remove wastes & maintain water balance • Electroreceptors on head help find prey & navigate • Lateral line• Separate sexes - external fertilization
Ray & Skate Characteristics:
• Usually harmless to humans • Broad, wing-like pectoral fins used to glide
through water • Flattened bodies with ventral mouth • Both eyes on top of head • Have countershading• Feed on fish & invertebrates • Stingray with poison spine by tip of tail• Electric ray gives off strong, electric shock • Manta ray is largest
Traits of Bony Fish (Class Osteichthyes)
• Skeleton made of bone
• Hinged jaws
• Paired fins
• Gills for gas exchange
• Lateral line
• Body covered with scales & mucus coating
• Includes lobe-finned, ray-finned, and lung fish
Ray-finned Fish:• Fan-like fins supported by rays • Includes salmon, perch, catfish, tuna, etc. • Have movable fins • Dorsal fin (s) located on top-keep fish upright &
used for defense • Caudal fin (tail) moves side to side to help steer • Pectoral fins (paired) on each side behind the
operculum • Pelvic fins (paired) on ventral surface near the
head • Anal fin (single) behind anus
Ray-finned Fish (cont.):
• Swim bladder thin-walled sac in abdomen that creates buoyancy from diffusion of dissolved gas from blood
• Kidneys filter blood & help maintain water balance • Ectothermic - body temperature regulated by envt.• Keen sense of smell (nostrils) & have chemical
receptors over the body • Can detect the earth's magnetic field as a guide to
navigate oceans • Have separate sexes & external fertilization • Eggs hatch into fry
Body covered with round, overlapping cycloid or ctenoid scales & mucus
Four sets of gills covered by bony operculum
External Anatomy of a Bony Fish
Guess What These Are:
Sites for Help on Vertebrates & Fish in Particular
• http://www.infovisual.info/02/033_en.html
• http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/chordate.htm
• http://www.fishbase.org/home.htm