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DISTRIBUTED DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SYSTEMCOMPUTING SYSTEM
Presented ByPresented By
HIMANSHU SAINI MBA(M&S)HIMANSHU SAINI MBA(M&S)
contentscontents INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION DEFINITIONDEFINITION VARIOUS MODELS USED IN DISTRIBUTED VARIOUS MODELS USED IN DISTRIBUTED COMPUTINGCOMPUTING SYSTEM SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SYSTEMADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SYSTEM CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION REFERENCESREFERENCES
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Computer architectures consisting of interconnected, multiple processors are basically of two types:
1). Tightly coupled system
2). Loosely coupled system
Tightly coupled systemsTightly coupled systems
In these systems, there is a single system wide primary memory In these systems, there is a single system wide primary memory (address space) that is shared by all the processors . Usually (address space) that is shared by all the processors . Usually tightly coupled systems are referred to as parallel processing tightly coupled systems are referred to as parallel processing systems.systems.
CPU
CPU
System-WideShared memory
CPU
Interconnection hardware
CPU
Loosely coupled systemsLoosely coupled systems
In these systems, the processors do not share memory, and each In these systems, the processors do not share memory, and each processor has its own local memory .Loosely coupled systems are processor has its own local memory .Loosely coupled systems are referred to as distributed computing systems, or simply referred to as distributed computing systems, or simply distributed systemsdistributed systems
Local memory CPU
Local memory CPU
Local memory CPU
Local memory CPU
Communication network
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
A distributed computing system is basically A distributed computing system is basically a collection of processors interconnected by a collection of processors interconnected by a communication network in which each a communication network in which each processor has its own local memory and processor has its own local memory and other peripherals, and the communication other peripherals, and the communication between any two processors of the system between any two processors of the system takes place by message passing over the takes place by message passing over the communication networkcommunication network
Models Used In Distributed Models Used In Distributed Computing SystemComputing System
1)1) Minicomputer Model:Minicomputer Model:
Communication Network
Mini computer
Mini computer
Mini computer
Mini computer
Terminals
2) Workstation model:2) Workstation model:
Communication network
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
WorkstationWorkstation
Workstation
3)Workstation-Server Model3)Workstation-Server Model::
Communication network
Mini computer used as file server
Mini computer used as database server
Mini computer used as print server
Workstation Workstation
Workstation Workstation
Workstation
Processor-Pool model :Processor-Pool model :
Communication network
Run server
File server
Pool of processors
Terminals
Hybrid Model:Hybrid Model:
To combine the advantages of both the workstation-server and processor-pool models ,a hybrid model may be used to build a distributed computing system. The hybrid model is based on the workstation-server model but with the addition of a pool of processors. The processors in the pool can be allocated dynamically for the computations that are too large for workstations or that requires several computers concurrently for efficient execution. In addition to efficient execution of computation-intensive jobs, the hybrid model gives guaranteed response to interactive jobs by allowing them to be processed on local workstations of the users. However, the hybrid-model is more expensive to implement than the workstation-server model or the processor-pool model .
Advantages Of Distributed Computing SystemAdvantages Of Distributed Computing System
Inherently Distributed applications:Inherently Distributed applications: several applications are inherently distributed in nature and require distributed several applications are inherently distributed in nature and require distributed
computing system for their realization computing system for their realization
Information Sharing among Distributed Users:Information Sharing among Distributed Users: In a distributed computing system, information generated by one of the users can be In a distributed computing system, information generated by one of the users can be
easily and efficiently shared by the users working at othereasily and efficiently shared by the users working at other nodes of the system nodes of the system ..The use The use of distributed computing systems by a group of users to work cooperatively is known as of distributed computing systems by a group of users to work cooperatively is known as computer-supported cooperative working (CSCW), or groupware .computer-supported cooperative working (CSCW), or groupware .
Resource Sharing:Resource Sharing: Information is not the only thing that can be shared in a distributed computing system. Information is not the only thing that can be shared in a distributed computing system.
Sharing of software resources such as software libraries and databases as well as Sharing of software resources such as software libraries and databases as well as hardware resources such as printers, hard disks, and plotters can also be done in a very hardware resources such as printers, hard disks, and plotters can also be done in a very effective way among all the computers and the users of a single distributed computing effective way among all the computers and the users of a single distributed computing systemsystem..
Extensibility and Incremental Growth:Extensibility and Incremental Growth:
It is possible to gradually extend the power and functionality of a distributed computing It is possible to gradually extend the power and functionality of a distributed computing
system by simply adding additional resources (both hardware and software) to the system by simply adding additional resources (both hardware and software) to the system as and when the need arises . Incremental growth is very attractive feature system as and when the need arises . Incremental growth is very attractive feature because for most existing and proposed applications it is practically impossible to because for most existing and proposed applications it is practically impossible to predict future demands of the system. Extensibility is also easier in a distributed predict future demands of the system. Extensibility is also easier in a distributed computing system because addition of new resources to an existing system can be computing system because addition of new resources to an existing system can be performed without significant disruption of the normal functioning of the system.performed without significant disruption of the normal functioning of the system.
Shorter Response Times and Higher Throughput:Shorter Response Times and Higher Throughput: TThe multiple processors of the distributed computing system can be utilized properly he multiple processors of the distributed computing system can be utilized properly
for providing shorter response times and higher throughput than a single processor for providing shorter response times and higher throughput than a single processor centralized system. Another method often used in distributed computing systems for centralized system. Another method often used in distributed computing systems for achieving better overall performance is to distribute the load more evenly among the achieving better overall performance is to distribute the load more evenly among the multiple processors by moving the jobs from currently overloaded processors to lightly multiple processors by moving the jobs from currently overloaded processors to lightly loaded ones loaded ones
Higher Reliability:Higher Reliability: Reliability refers to the degree of tolerance against errors and component failures in Reliability refers to the degree of tolerance against errors and component failures in
a system. A reliable system prevents loss of information even in the event of a system. A reliable system prevents loss of information even in the event of component failures An important aspect of reliability is availability, which refers to component failures An important aspect of reliability is availability, which refers to the fraction of time for which a system is available for use. the fraction of time for which a system is available for use.
Better Flexibility in Meeting User’s Needs:Better Flexibility in Meeting User’s Needs: Performing different types of computers are usually more suitable for different types Performing different types of computers are usually more suitable for different types
of computation. A distributed computing system may have a pool of different types of computation. A distributed computing system may have a pool of different types of computers, in which case the most appropriate one can be selected for processing of computers, in which case the most appropriate one can be selected for processing a user’s job depending on the nature of the job.a user’s job depending on the nature of the job.
Better Price-Performance Ratio:Better Price-Performance Ratio: With the rapidly increasing power and reduction in prize of the microprocessors, With the rapidly increasing power and reduction in prize of the microprocessors,
combined with the increasing speed of communication network, distributed combined with the increasing speed of communication network, distributed computing systems potentially have a much better price performance ratio than a computing systems potentially have a much better price performance ratio than a single large centralized system. More cost-effective Then the centralized system is single large centralized system. More cost-effective Then the centralized system is that they facilitate resource sharing among multiple computersthat they facilitate resource sharing among multiple computers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Despite the increased complexity and the difficulty of building Despite the increased complexity and the difficulty of building distributed computing systems, the installation and the use of distributed computing systems, the installation and the use of distributed computing systems are rapidly increasing. This is distributed computing systems are rapidly increasing. This is mainly because the advantages of distributed computing systems mainly because the advantages of distributed computing systems overcome their disadvantages.overcome their disadvantages.
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