Disaster management

Disaster Management

Shubhranshu UpadhyayArchitect Urban Planner

Key Words

Hazard

Disaster

Vulnerability

Risk

Disaster Management

Response & Relief

Rehabilitation & Reconstruction

Mitigation

Preparedness

Hazard

Dangerous event induced naturally or by human intervention that could

cause injury, loss of life, or damage to property or livelihoods.

Nature of hazard Examples

Natural Earthquake, tsunami

Natural & Human Drought, flooding

Human Accidents, War, terrorist attacks

Think about your native areas and identify the different

hazards that your area is prone to and list them as per

above mentioned categories of hazard.

Disaster

Disaster whether natural or human induced is an event which results

in widespread human loss. It is accompanied by loss of livelihood

and property causing suffering and loss in a definite area.

Disruption of normal life

Large scale loss

Big blow to country’s economy

Disaster Types

Slow onset disaster

� Prevails for many days, months or even years.

� Eg. Draught, pest infection, famine, environmental degradation.

Rapid onset disaster

� Triggered by instantaneous shock.

� Impact may be short lived or long term

� E.g.. Earthquake, cyclone, flash flood, volcanic eruptions.

Speed

Disaster Types

Natural disaster

� Caused by natural hazard

� Leads to human, material, economic and environmental losses.

� Examples 20004 Indian ocean Tsunami,

2008 earthquake in China

2007 cyclone in Myanmar

Human Induced disaster

� Caused by human induced activities

� Leads to human, material, economic and environmental losses.

� Examples 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy,

1997 Uphaar cinema fire in N Delhi

2008 Jaipur serial blasts

Cause/ Origin

When does a Hazard lead to a Disaster

A Disaster occurs when the impact of a hazard on a section of

society is such that the people are unable to cope with the

event, causing loss of life, property and livelihoods.

If an earthquake strikes a desert it

would not be termed as disaster.

However if the similar earthquake or

even lesser in magnitude strikes a

densely populated area, it definitely be

counted as disaster.

Vulnerability

It is a condition determined by physical, social, economic and

environmental factors or processes, which increases the

susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.

Vulnerable Groups

� Socially under privileged

� Poor & indigent

� People living in low lying areas

� People living in slums and core areas

� Fisherman living in costal areas

Risk

Probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses comprising

� Deaths

� Loss of property

� Loss of livelihood

� Disruption of economic activity

� Environmental degradation

After 2004 Tsunami, Village Samiyarpettai in Tamilnadu reported fewer deaths

in comparison to neighboring districts .

Community members were trained in search and rescue, evacuation and first

aid. This helped them to respond effectively during disaster thereby saving a

large number of precious lives.

Disaster Management

Disaster management covers the range of activities designed to maintain

control over disasters/ emergency situations and to provide a framework

for helping people to avoid, reduce the effects, or recover from impact of a

disaster.

Relief & Recovery

Preparedness

Mitigation

Emergency Response

Disaster Management

Relief & Recovery


Mitigation

Preparedness

Disaster Strikes

Emergency Response & Relief

Response & ReliefImmediate measures taken up before, during and after a

disaster.


Operations and decisions taken after with a view to restore

affected community to its former living conditions.

MitigationAny action taken to minimize extent of disaster. Actions could

take place before, during and after the event.

However the term is used in context of potential disasters.

Preparedness

Measures taken before hazard event to ensure effective

response.

Disaster Management

Specific Hazards & Mitigation

Awareness & Preparedness go a long way in minimizing the

impact of a hazard.

Different hazards have different mitigation strategies.

This presentation outlines different types of hazards and

mitigation strategies adopted in each hazard.

Disaster Management

Mitigation refers to “ Any measure taken to minimize the impact of a

disaster or potential disaster. Mitigation can take place before, during

or after a disaster. However the term is used most often to refer to

actions taken against potential disasters.

Significance of Mitigation

Mitigation efforts help people by creating safer communities

and reducing loss of life and property. Some measures are

as follows.

Enforcement of building codes, flood proofing requirements,

seismic design standards and wind bracing requirements for

new construction

Construction of houses away from hazardous areas.

Retro fitting public buildings to withstand strong winds.

Building community shelters to help protect people in areas

prone to various hazards.

Disaster Management

Mitigation’s Value to Society

Disaster Management

It lessens the financial impact of disasters on government

and communities.

Enables individuals and communities to recover more

rapidly from disasters.

Mitigation creates safer communities by reducing losses of

life and property.

Mitigation efforts can be categorized as structural and non structural

Disaster Management

Non Structural

Training in Disaster Management, Public Education

Regulating Land use

Structural

Construction of river embankments, Strengthening existing

buildings

Disaster Management

Mitigation measures vary with each hazard.

While there are several common components in

forming basic mitigation strategy for various

disasters, there is need to know about the area

and its cultural, social, physical and economic

requirements

Disaster Management

Floods

Temporary inundation of large regions as a result of

increase in reservoir, or of rivers flooding their banks

because of heavy rains, high winds, cyclones, storm

surge along coastal areas, tsunami, melting of snow or

dam burst.

In India more than 12% land area is prone to Floods

Various agencies involved in tracking, monitoring and issuing warning are:i. Central water commissionii. Irrigation and flood control departmentiii. Water resources department

Except for flash floods there is a reasonable warning period.

Occurs gradually or suddenly due to breach of water control structures

Disaster Management

Floods

Structural Mitigation

Water shed management, making reservoirs,

Building on elevated areas

Natural water retention basins implementing flood control

measures, dam burst.

Non structural MitigationMapping of flood plainsLand use controlFlood forecasting and warning

Disaster Management

Cyclone

Violent storms often of vast extent, characterized by high

winds rotating about a calm center of low atmospheric

pressure. This center moves onwards, often with velocity

of 50 km an hour.

E.g.. Cyclone hit coastal Orissa on 29th

October 1999

Various agencies involved in tracking, monitoring and issuing warning are:i. Department of relief and rehabilitationii. Indian meteorological department

Usually a warning period of 8 to 24 Hrs.

Occurs suddenly leaving very little time to evacuate

Disaster Management

Cyclone

Structural Mitigation

Multipurpose Cyclone structures

Engineered structures

Protection against winds

Coastal belt plantation

Construction of roads

Non structural Mitigation

Hazard Mapping

Land use control

Forecasting and warning

Disaster Management

EarthquakesSudden release of energy accumulated in deformed

rocks causing the ground to tremble or shake.

E.g.. 26th

January 2001 Bhuj District of Gujarat

Various agencies involved in tracking, monitoring and issuing warning are:i. Department of Housing & Urban Developmentii. Department of Environment & Forest.

No WarningOccurs suddenly

Disaster Management

Earthquake Structural Mitigation

Preparing Engineered structures

Retrofitting of existing buildings


i. Enforcing Building codes

ii. Public awareness

iii. Reduce possible damage by

secondary effects like fire, floods.

Disaster Management

Land SlidesSlippery masses of rock earth or debris which move by

force of their own weight down mountain slopes or river

banks

E.g.

Uttarakhand

2013

Normally happen gradually

however sudden failure without

warning may happen

Disaster Management

LandslideStructural Mitigation

i. Drainage corrections

ii. Engineered structures


i. Hazard mapping

ii. land use regulations

iii. awareness.

Disaster Management

Slow onset disaster and it is

difficult to demarcate time of its

onset and end.

Overall rain deficiency more than

10% of long period average and

more than 20 % area of country is

draught effected.

Drought

A climatic anomaly characterized by deficient supply of

moisture resulting either from sub normal rainfall,

erratic rainfall distribution, higher water need or a

combination of all the factors.

Disaster Management

Non Structural Mitigation

i. Drought monitoring

ii. Awareness

iii. Livelihood planning Collection of non timber products

from community forests

iv. Land use planning

v. Crop insurance

DroughtStructural Mitigation

Rainwater harvesting

T h a n k Y o u

Technology

Disaster management