©Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Crypto-Options on AWS

Ronan Guilfoyle - Solutions Architect

Amazon Web Services Ireland

Agenda

• Theory

• Options

Data

The Cryptographic Trinity

Key

AlgorithmIf you don’t own all three parts of the solution, your

data is not considered to be “hard” encrypted…

• So what data might I be concerned with?

In Region I:

Availability Zone

AWS DC

Availability Zone

AWS DC

In Region II:

AWS DC

AWS DC

Availability Zone

AWS DC

AWS DC

Availability Zone

Between Regions:

Region

Availability Zone

Availability Zone

Region

Availability Zone

Availability Zone

Public

Customer WAN

DX SiteDX Site

Here be

Dragons!

Summary

• Data in transit within an AZ might leave the building

• Data in transit between AZs will leave the building

• Data in transit between AWS Regions or between AWS and

customer premises needs to be taken care of, too

Encrypt Your Data in Flight

Discussion Points

• Hard encryption might be excessive, for some purposes

• Find out where you need which kind of encryption – map your view

of risk and need

• Think about the lifetime of your data (example: German expiry of

use of 3DES and resulting requirement for bulk data re-encryption

with stronger algorithm…)

• Sometimes encryption is only there for Compliance reasons…

Work on your data classificationFind balance between your obligation for

executive care, cost and complexity

What about data at rest?

Getting Data at rest encrypted on AWSis so easy that you should consider a policy:

All data can (an should) be encrypted at rest!

Some AWS services supporting data at rest encryption

Technology Partners Consulting Partners AWS MarketplaceEcosystem

Elastic Beanstalk for Java, Node.js, Python,

Ruby, PHP and .NetOpsWorks CloudFormationContainers & Deployment (PaaS)

Management &

AdministrationIAM CloudWatchCloudTrail APIs and SDKsManagement ConsoleCloud HSM Command Line Interface

Direct Connect Route 53VPCNetworking

Analytics

Data PipelineRedshiftEMR Kinesis SWFSNS SQS CloudSearchSES AppStreamCloudFront

Application Services

WorkSpaces

Regions Availability Zones Content Delivery POPs

Storage GatewayS3 EBS Glacier Import/Export DynamoDB ElastiCache

StorageCompute Databases

RDS

MySQL, PostgreSQL

Oracle, SQL Server

Elastic Load BalancerEC2 Auto Scaling

+

AWS Key Management Service I

• Designed for Scalability and Throughput• Uses bespoke AWS hardware + software• Is a multi-tenant service• Performs AES256 operations• API for crypto command:

– Key Management– Encryption / Decryption

• Customer selects MasterKey• Data Key is transported via envelope

encryption

• Durability equal to that of the highest durability services in AWS

Customer MasterKey(s)

Data Key 1

Amazon S3 Object

Amazon EBS Volume

Amazon Redshift Cluster

Data Key 2 Data Key 3 Data Key 4

CustomApplication

AWS KMS

AWS Key Management Service IIReference Architecture

Application or

AWS Service

+

Data Key Encrypted Data Key

Encrypted

Data

Master Key(s) in

Customer’s Account

AWS

Key Management Service

1. Application or AWS service client requests an encryption key to use to encrypt data, and passes a reference to a master key under the account.

2. Client request is authenticated based on whether they have access to use the master key.3. A new data encryption key is created and a copy of it is encrypted under the master key.4. Both data key and encrypted data key are returned to the client. Data key is used to encrypt customer data

and then deleted as soon as is practical.5. Encrypted data key is stored for later use and sent back to AWS KMS when the source data needs to be

decrypted.

S3 (normal mode)

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

• Data is sent to S3 encrypted

• S3 stores the data unencrypted

• Data travels unencrypted between AZs

• Enforce https:{

"Statement": [{

"Effect": "Deny”,

"Action": "s3:*",

"Condition": {

"Bool": { "aws:SecureTransport": false }

},

"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::bucket/*"

]}

}

S3 (server-side encryption)

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

• Data is sent to S3 encrypted

• S3 encrypts data with AWS owned key

• Data travels encrypted between AZs

• Data at rest is encrypted with AWS-owned key

• Enforce at-rest encryption:{

"Statement":[{

"Sid":"DenyUnEncryptedObjectUploads",

"Effect":"Deny",

"Principal":"*",

"Action":"s3:PutObject",

"Resource":"arn:aws:s3:::YourBucket/*",

"Condition":{

"StringNotEquals":{

"s3:x-amz-server-side-encryption":"AES256"

} } } ] }

S3 (server-side, user key)

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

• Data is sent to S3 encrypted

• S3 encrypts data with customer key sent in request– The key will be forgotten by AWS immediately

• Data travels encrypted between AZs

• Data at rest is encrypted with customer-owned key

• Customer needs to send key in GET request

S3 (server-side, user key + KMS)

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

• Data is sent to S3 encrypted

• S3 encrypts data with key sent in request

• Data travels encrypted between AZs

• Data at rest is encrypted with customer-owned key

• Key remains in KMS

IAM

KMS

Object

S3 (client-side encryption)

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

• Client encrypts the data locally with local held key

• Data is sent to S3 encrypted

• Data travels encrypted between AZs

• Data at rest is encrypted with customer-owned key

• AWS never sees the key

EBS (normal mode)

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

• Instance sends data to volume via hypervisor module– Module can encrypt or not, depending on customer choice

– Data travels to the disks and between datacentres, potentially unencrypted

– Data lives unencrypted on Disk

EBS (server-side encryption)

AWS AZ

AWS AZ

• Instance sends encrypted data over hypervisor to volume– Instance OS needs to support encryption

– Data travels encrypted to the disks and between datacentres

– Data lives encrypted on Disk

– AWS owns key/algorithm/data

– Included in scope of AWS SOC1 report

IAM

KMS

Volume

CloudHSM

• Tamper-Proof and Tamper-Evident– Destroys its stored keys if under attack

• FIPS 140-2 Level 2 certified• Base position is to be a Keystore• Can also be used to timestamp documents• You can send data for encrypt / decrypt

– Key never leaves the HSM as cleartext– Can be used by several commercial software products– Can be used by API to access the HSM

• Needs to be backed-up (ideally to HSM on customer premises)• Can (and should) be combined in HA clusters• Is NOT a key management system

– but can work with some third-party ones

• Communicates via:– PKCS#11– JCE

• Some applications need a “plugin”

Redshift can use CloudHSM

• When using CloudHSM– Redshift gets cluster key from HSM

– Redshift generates a database key and encrypts it with the cluster key from the

CloudHSM

– Redshift encrypts and decrypts individual key for data blocks with the database

key

– Redshift supports re-encryption

RDS Crypto Support

• RDS / Oracle can use CloudHSM to store keys for Oracle Wallet– So TDE can be HSM-backed

• RDS / MySQL, RDS / Postgres can use KMS to manage keys used

to encrypt underlying EBS volumes– So all tables are encrypted at rest

• Note that in-memory database contents (once the database has

been unlocked) are cleartext– RAM encryption is not something AWS has today, but it has been done in other

contexts

VPC VGW

• Hardware IPsec termination points

• Data on the VPC side of the VGW is unprotected by the VGW (no

re-encryption)– If you need VPN termination with onward re-encryption, use EC2 instances with

OpenSWAN or Cisco CRSs instead…

• Uses pre-shared symmetric key

• The Key is a shared one between AWS and the customer

AWS AZ AWS AZCustomer

Between Regions

Region

Availability Zone

Availability Zone

Region

Availability Zone

Availability Zone

Public

Customer WAN

DX Site DX Site

Customer

DC

Others

• Glacier– Archives have always been encrypted – this is entirely transparent to the user– Glacier keys are AES256– AWS holds key/algorithm/data

• Route53– Supports signed zones

• ELB– Supports SSL termination including onward re-encryption and customer choice of

cipher suite (useful post-POODLE)– AWS holds keys/algorithm/data– Unidirectional trust only (no certificate-based authentication of client to server)

• Import/Export– Currently relies on Truecrypt shared secret between customer and AWS for

exporting data– Truecrypt has not been broken, but it is not longer maintained. Therefore

import/export will choose another option

Ronan GuilfoyleAmazon Web Services Irelandrguilfoy@amazon.com

Additional Resources:

http://aws.amazon.com/documentationhttp://aws.amazon.com/compliancehttp://aws.amazon.com/security