Consciousness

Moral Moral DevelopmentDevelopment

Moral DevelopmentMoral Development

Process to which children develop Process to which children develop proper attitude and behaviors proper attitude and behaviors toward other people in society, toward other people in society, based on social and cultural norms, based on social and cultural norms, rules and lawsrules and laws

MoralsMorals- relatively understood from - relatively understood from one society to anotherone society to another

Moral Development Moral Development – development – development of moral reasoningof moral reasoning

Jean Piaget’s Jean Piaget’s Theory of Moral Theory of Moral DevelopmentDevelopment

1. Autonomous Morality1. Autonomous Morality– (7-12 yrs. Old)(7-12 yrs. Old)– Childs moral reasoning Childs moral reasoning

is based on the intent is based on the intent and not on the basis of and not on the basis of the action alonethe action alone

2. Heteronymous 2. Heteronymous MoralityMorality– (2-7 yrs. Old)(2-7 yrs. Old)– Action is more Action is more

important than intentionimportant than intention

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Theory of Moral DevelopmentDevelopment

1. Pre-conventional 1. Pre-conventional MoralityMorality– (4-10 yrs. Old)(4-10 yrs. Old)– Emphasis is on external Emphasis is on external

control, that is following control, that is following rules and standards in rules and standards in order to get rewards or order to get rewards or avoid punishmentavoid punishment

Stage 1Stage 1: Orientation to : Orientation to punishment and punishment and obedienceobedience

Stage 2Stage 2: Instrumental : Instrumental purpose and exchangepurpose and exchange


2. Morality of Conversational Role and 2. Morality of Conversational Role and ConformityConformity– (10-13 yrs. old)(10-13 yrs. old)– Emphasis is on internalization of the Emphasis is on internalization of the

standards and rules of authority figures, standards and rules of authority figures, that is obeying as to please others or that is obeying as to please others or maintain ordermaintain order

Stage 3Stage 3: Maintaining mutual : Maintaining mutual relationshiprelationship

Stage 4Stage 4: Social system and conscience: Social system and conscience


3. Morality of Autonomous Moral 3. Morality of Autonomous Moral PrinciplesPrinciples– (13-not until young adult)(13-not until young adult)– Emphasizes that morality is fully internal, Emphasizes that morality is fully internal,

that is, recognizing conflicts between that is, recognizing conflicts between moral standards and deciding which one to moral standards and deciding which one to accept or followaccept or follow

Stage 5Stage 5: Morality of contact, individual : Morality of contact, individual rights and of democratically accepted lawrights and of democratically accepted law

Stage 6Stage 6: Morality of universal ethical : Morality of universal ethical principlesprinciples

Carol Gilligan’sCarol Gilligan’sTheory of Moral Theory of Moral DevelopmentDevelopment

Level 1Level 1

-Orientation of -Orientation of individual survivalindividual survival

Level 2Level 2– Goodness as sacrificeGoodness as sacrifice

Level 3Level 3– Morality of non Morality of non

violenceviolence

ConsciousnessConsciousness


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Refers to the condition wherein the Refers to the condition wherein the

individual appreciates the stimuli coming individual appreciates the stimuli coming from the environment as perceived by from the environment as perceived by our senses and various sensations our senses and various sensations produced by our inner thoughtsproduced by our inner thoughts

AttentionAttention – between a large number of – between a large number of external stimuli which are perceived by external stimuli which are perceived by our senses and things that we actually our senses and things that we actually perceivedperceived


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Areas of the brain which are Areas of the brain which are

responsible for processing attention:responsible for processing attention:

Frontal lobeFrontal lobe – stimulated when – stimulated when it it requires attention to requires attention to verbal verbal stimulistimuli

Parietal Lobe – stimulated when Parietal Lobe – stimulated when it it requires attention to requires attention to spatial and spatial and visual stimulivisual stimuli


VISUAL AND AUDITORY PROCESSES IN VISUAL AND AUDITORY PROCESSES IN SELECTIVE ATTENTIONSELECTIVE ATTENTION

Stroop Effect (auditory)Stroop Effect (auditory)

- develop by John Ridley Stroop in 1935- develop by John Ridley Stroop in 1935- when we read a set of words that are - when we read a set of words that are printed in color but their font colors do not printed in color but their font colors do not correspond to their semantic equivalent, correspond to their semantic equivalent, there would be a delay in the there would be a delay in the processing/perceiving the printed set of processing/perceiving the printed set of wordswords


BLACKBLACK YELLOWYELLOW GREENGREEN

BLUEBLUE YELLOW YELLOW GREENGREEN

BEIGEBEIGE REDRED GREYGREY

GREENGREEN BLUEBLUE GREYGREY

GOLDGOLD BLUEBLUE GOLDGOLD

INDIGOINDIGO BROWNBROWN YELLOWYELLOW

ORANGEORANGE VIOLETVIOLET PINKPINK


MINDLESSNESSMINDLESSNESS

Mindfulness, which apparently the Mindfulness, which apparently the contradiction of mindlessness, refers contradiction of mindlessness, refers to an act which a person to an act which a person deliberately spares attention to the deliberately spares attention to the present condition at handpresent condition at hand

Can be influence by Can be influence by obsessive-obsessive-compulsive disordercompulsive disorder


COCKTAIL PARTY PHENOMENACOCKTAIL PARTY PHENOMENA Based on the research output of E. Based on the research output of E.

Colin Cherry (1953)… in which we Colin Cherry (1953)… in which we follow one conversation despite the follow one conversation despite the distraction of other conversationdistraction of other conversation

Shadowing Shadowing - where each ear listens to - where each ear listens to different messages and the listener is different messages and the listener is asked to repeat (in words) the asked to repeat (in words) the messages that he heard during the messages that he heard during the experimentexperiment


COCKTAIL PARTY PHENOMENACOCKTAIL PARTY PHENOMENA

Dichotic Presentation Dichotic Presentation – refers to a – refers to a condition in which at least one ear condition in which at least one ear receives a different messagereceives a different message

Binaural PresentationBinaural Presentation – refers to a – refers to a situation wherein both ears received situation wherein both ears received the same messagethe same message


OTHER SELECTIVE ATTENTION THEORYOTHER SELECTIVE ATTENTION THEORY

Filter TheoryFilter Theory

- developed by Donald Broadbent - developed by Donald Broadbent (1958) which states that we can (1958) which states that we can practically select the stimuli that practically select the stimuli that are coming in our senses, thus, are coming in our senses, thus, filtering the irrelevant onesfiltering the irrelevant ones


OTHER SELECTIVE ATTENTION OTHER SELECTIVE ATTENTION THEORYTHEORY

Single-Pool and Multiple-Pool ModelSingle-Pool and Multiple-Pool Model

-considers -considers attentional resource theoriesattentional resource theories involveinvolve

-these models have something to do -these models have something to do with the amount of attention that the with the amount of attention that the individual would spare if given particular individual would spare if given particular amount of taskamount of task


OTHER SELECTIVE ATTENTION THEORYOTHER SELECTIVE ATTENTION THEORY

Single-Pool ModelSingle-Pool Model

- If the individual asked to pay attention - If the individual asked to pay attention to a particular task, he would tend to to a particular task, he would tend to focus on the task and may take away focus on the task and may take away attention from all other taskattention from all other task

Multiple-Pool ModelMultiple-Pool Model

- allocate a particular amount of attention - allocate a particular amount of attention based on each task’s importancebased on each task’s importance


THEORIES OF LOCKE, HUME AND THEORIES OF LOCKE, HUME AND DENNETT ON CONSCIOUSNESSDENNETT ON CONSCIOUSNESS

John Locke (1932-1704)John Locke (1932-1704)

- consciousness serves as one of the - consciousness serves as one of the factors to establish one’s personal factors to establish one’s personal identity through the use of the identity through the use of the combines affects of the past and combines affects of the past and presentpresent



David Hume (1711-1776)David Hume (1711-1776)

- consciousness’ real task is to show the - consciousness’ real task is to show the “succession of the states of the world”“succession of the states of the world”

*to illustrate, think of a film tape. It is *to illustrate, think of a film tape. It is composed of a series of static pictures. composed of a series of static pictures. The pictures seems to be dynamic if the The pictures seems to be dynamic if the tapes starts to roll and projected with a tapes starts to roll and projected with a sufficient amount of light.sufficient amount of light.



Daniel Dennett (1995)Daniel Dennett (1995)- the sense of identity comes from - the sense of identity comes from the lower-level processing of our the lower-level processing of our consciousness, this lower-level consciousness, this lower-level processing involves the things that processing involves the things that we want to do in the absence of we want to do in the absence of unusual substances or conditionsunusual substances or conditions

Technology

Consciousness