Computers7 Ch4 2

Mongolia International University

The Central Process The Central Process Unit Unit

Chapter 4Chapter 4

B.M.HB.M.H

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

System UnitSystem Unit Microprocessor Microprocessor MemoryMemory

RAM ROM

Bus line Bus line System bus Expansion buses

Expansion slot Expansion slot Expansion cardsExpansion cards

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The System UnitThe System Unit

; ; The case that houses the electronic The case that houses the electronic components of the computer systemcomponents of the computer system

Components Components MotherboardMotherboard

The main system unit component Storage DevicesStorage Devices

Hard drive, floppy drive, CD/DVD-ROM drive Power SupplyPower Supply Wires and Ribbon CablesWires and Ribbon Cables

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MotherboardMotherboard

Called the Called the main circuit boardmain circuit board The flat circuit board The flat circuit board

within the personal computer housing that within the personal computer housing that hold the computer circuitryhold the computer circuitry

A mass of chips and connections A mass of chips and connections that organize the computerthat organize the computer’’s activitiess activities

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MotherboardMotherboard

ComponentsComponents Microprocessor ; the most important componentMicroprocessor ; the most important component Memory chipsMemory chips

RAM ROM

Bus line Bus line System bus Expansion buses

Expansion slots Expansion slots Expansion cardsExpansion cards

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MicroprocessorMicroprocessor

Central processing unit on a chipCentral processing unit on a chip Called Logic chip Called Logic chip

when it is used to control specialized when it is used to control specialized devices.devices.

key componentskey components Control unitControl unit Arithmetic/logic unitArithmetic/logic unit RegisterRegister System clockSystem clock

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Contain tiny transistorsContain tiny transistors The basic building block of the microprocessorThe basic building block of the microprocessor Today, millions of Today, millions of transistorstransistors Electronic switches Electronic switches that may or may not allow current to pass throughthat may or may not allow current to pass through

If current passes through, the switch is ( ), representing a ( ) bit

If current does not pass through, the switch is ( ), representing a ( ) bit

The combination of transistors The combination of transistors Stand for combination of ( ) Represent digits, letter, and special characters

Refer to Computers7_ch4_2_1 Computers7_ch4_2_2

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Pentium chipPentium chip By IntelBy Intel The current workhorse in the PC market The current workhorse in the PC market Includes multimedia instructionsIncludes multimedia instructions

PowerPC family of chips -- non-PowerPC family of chips -- non-IntelIntel By Apple, IBM, and MotorolaBy Apple, IBM, and Motorola Manufactured by both IBM and MotorolaManufactured by both IBM and Motorola primary use : Apple Macintosh family of PCsprimary use : Apple Macintosh family of PCs

Alpha -- non-IntelAlpha -- non-Intel Produced by CompaqProduced by Compaq Used in high-end servers and workstationsUsed in high-end servers and workstations

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Memory ComponentMemory Component

Evolved from primitive vacuum tubes Evolved from primitive vacuum tubes TodayToday’’s modern memory ; s modern memory ; SemiconductorSemiconductor

AdvantageAdvantage reliability compactness low cost lower power usage

Volatile Volatile Require continuous electric current to represent data

Monolithic Monolithic all the circuits on single chip together constitute an inseparable

unit of storage

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Semiconductor MemorySemiconductor Memory

Thousand of very small circuits-pathways for Thousand of very small circuits-pathways for electric currents-on a silicon chipelectric currents-on a silicon chip

Each circuit on a chipEach circuit on a chip be in one of two states, on or off be in one of two states, on or off two states : represent the binary digits 1 and 0two states : represent the binary digits 1 and 0 these digits : combined to represent ( c~ )these digits : combined to represent ( c~ ) thus makes the memory chip a storage bin for data thus makes the memory chip a storage bin for data

and instructionsand instructions

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Semiconductor MemorySemiconductor Memory

CMOSCMOS one important type of semiconductor designone important type of semiconductor design CComplementary omplementary MMetal etal OOxide xide SSemiconductoremiconductor the design is noted for using the design is noted for using relatively little electricityrelatively little electricity

CMOS RAM : In PC, one use for CMOSCMOS RAM : In PC, one use for CMOS a small amount of memory a small amount of memory that, thanks to battery power, that, thanks to battery power, retains data when the retains data when the

computer is shut offcomputer is shut off to store information your computer needs to store information your computer needs when it boots when it boots

up, such as time, date, and hardware configuration dataup, such as time, date, and hardware configuration data when the computer is running, it can be updatedwhen the computer is running, it can be updated

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RAM RAM (Random Access (Random Access Memory)Memory)

volatile volatile its contents are lost once the power is shut offits contents are lost once the power is shut off

Static RAM(SRAM)Static RAM(SRAM) will retain its contents will retain its contents without intervention from the CPUwithout intervention from the CPU

as long a power is maintainedas long a power is maintained much faster than DRAMmuch faster than DRAM

Dynamic RAM(DRAM)Dynamic RAM(DRAM) must be constantly refreshed (recharged) by the CPUmust be constantly refreshed (recharged) by the CPU or it or it

will lose its contentswill lose its contents used for most PC memory because of its used for most PC memory because of its size and cost size and cost

advantagesadvantages Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)

a faster type of DRAM, used in most PCs today Rambus DRAM(RDRAM)Rambus DRAM(RDRAM)

faster than SDRAM

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DRAMDRAM

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RAMRAM

RAM packaged on circuit boards RAM packaged on circuit boards SIMMs SIMMs (single in-line memory modules)(single in-line memory modules)

memory chips are installed on one side of the board DIMMsDIMMs (dual in-line memory modules) (dual in-line memory modules)

memory chips are installed on both sides of the board

Motherboard designMotherboard design determines the maximum amount of memorydetermines the maximum amount of memory

For increasing the PC's RAMFor increasing the PC's RAM buy extra memory modules and plug into your buy extra memory modules and plug into your

computer's motherboardcomputer's motherboard

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ROM (Read-only memory )ROM (Read-only memory )

Contain programs and data that are Contain programs and data that are permanently recorded permanently recorded into this type of memory at the factoryinto this type of memory at the factory

Nonvolatile Nonvolatile ex) the boot routine is stored in ROMex) the boot routine is stored in ROM

PROM (programmable read-only PROM (programmable read-only memory)memory) By ROM burners By ROM burners

the instructions within it can be changed

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Bus Line (Bus)Bus Line (Bus)

A set of parallel electrical paths A set of parallel electrical paths that transport electrical signalsthat transport electrical signals

copper tracing on the surface of the copper tracing on the surface of the motherboardmotherboard

TypesTypes System busSystem bus

transports data between the CPU and memory Expansion busesExpansion buses

Connect to expansion slots, and ports on the motherboard

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BusBus

Bus widthBus width the number of bits of data that the number of bits of data that can be carried at one can be carried at one

timetime indicates the number of electrical pathsindicates the number of electrical paths the greater the width, the greater the width, the more data can be carried at a the more data can be carried at a

timetime.. the width of system busthe width of system bus

depend on the CPU design, normally, the same as the CPU's word size

Bus speed Bus speed Measured in Measured in megahertz (MHz)megahertz (MHz) The faster the bus speed, the faster data travels The faster the bus speed, the faster data travels

through the systemthrough the system

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Expansion BoardsExpansion Boards

interface cardsinterface cards or or adapter cardsadapter cards Connect various peripheral devices to a Connect various peripheral devices to a

computer computer by plugging them into by plugging them into expansion slots expansion slots on on

the motherboardthe motherboard Provide external connectors, called Provide external connectors, called

portsports To plug in peripherals such as a printer, a To plug in peripherals such as a printer, a

mouse, and a keyboardmouse, and a keyboard

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PortPort

Serial portsSerial ports Transmit data one bit at a time, similar to Transmit data one bit at a time, similar to

cars on a one-lane roadcars on a one-lane road Are typically used for slow-speed devices Are typically used for slow-speed devices

such as such as the mouse and keyboardthe mouse and keyboard Parallel portsParallel ports

Transmit groups of bits togetherTransmit groups of bits together Are used for faster devices such as Are used for faster devices such as printers printers

and scanners and scanners

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Serial port VS. Parallel Serial port VS. Parallel portport

Serial PortSerial Port

• Parallel Port

Computer / Main Board - Port

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Common Buses and Ports on Common Buses and Ports on PCsPCs

Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus Is used for slow-speed devices such as the mouse and modem

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus A high-speed bus used to connect devices such as hard disks and

network cards Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)

Designed to provide a dedicated connection between memory and an AGP graphics card

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Through a port on the back of the system unit Connect and disconnect them without turning off the power

IEEE 1394 bus A highly speed bus that is normally used to connect video equipment to a

computer PC Card bus

The slot accepts credit card-sized PC Card devices

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Technology

Computers7 Ch4 2