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South Korean and Japanese Politicians Online: Comparing Political Cultures Through Political Websites Leslie M. Tkach-Kawasaki and Han Woo Park Aoir 8.0 Vancouver, Canada October 18-20, 2007
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South Korean and Japanese Politicians Online: Comparing
Political Cultures Through
Political WebsitesLeslie M. Tkach-Kawasaki and
Han Woo ParkAoir 8.0 Vancouver, Canada
October 18-20, 2007
AoIR 8.0 Tkach-Kawasaki/Park 2
Overview
Introduction and research questions Theorizing website content analysis South Korean and Japanese political
cultures: Same? Different? Methodology Results and Discussion Conclusion
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Research questions
1. What kind of political information and communications features are present on politician websites?
2. What kind of hyperlink strategies are they demonstrating?
3. Are they utilizing blogs and wireless websites?
AoIR 8.0 Tkach-Kawasaki/Park 4
Theorizing website content analysis
Optimists/Pessimists
Normal-ization
Best Practices (Congress
Online Project)
Web Campaign-
ing Typology
Hyperlink and Network
Analysis
PoliticalCulture
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Content analysis overviewWebsite type Research area Selected article(s) Geographical orientation
Party Collection of various website contents including hyperlinks
Margolis et al. (1997, 1999) USA
Gibson & Ward (1998) UK
Gibson et al. (2003) USA & UK
Tkach-Kawasaki (2003) Japan
Kluver (2004) Singapore
Mainly hyperlinks Ting & Kluver (2004) Singapore
Ackland & Gibson (2004) Australia
Individualpolitician
Candidate Collection of various contents (links)
Davis (1999), Kamarck (1999) USA
Ward & Gibson (2003) UK
Mainly hyperlinks Foot et al. (2003) USA
Elected member
Collection of various contents and links
Owen et al. (1999), Carter (1999) USA
Mainly hyperlinks Park et al. (2004, 2005) South Korea
Party & politician
Party & candidate
Collection of various contents and links
Foot & Schneider (2002) USA
Lusoli, W. & Ward, J. (2005) UK
Party & member
Tkach-Kawasaki (2006) Japan
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Political Culture….
“…is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientations toward politics among the members of a political system (Almond and Verba, 1989)
the system of empirical beliefs, expressive symbols, and values which define the situation in which political action takes place” (Verba et al., 1978)
“…sets the parameters of the political game…” (Martin and Stronach, 1992)
Relationship-oriented (Pye 1985)
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South Korean and Japanese political cultures: Same? Different?Relationships South Korea Japan
Party-politician Weak Leader has strong
influence on party
Weak/strong (major/ minor parties)
Mediated leader role
Political parties-public Ideologically oriented (recently)
Two-party system
Ruling-opposition Emerging two-party
system
Politicians-public Increasingly transparent
Strong civil society
Increasingly transparent
Weak civil society Local support
Election regulations Strict (media, donations, and F2F)
Strict (media, timing, and distribution)
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Methodology
200 websites of current members (100 each from South Korea and Japan)
January-February 2006 Sampled according to party strength in
respective national legislative assemblies Features analysis (based on IE Project but
modified/expanded for non-election period) of information, communications, and links
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Sampling: South Korea
Parties Status Ratio/Sample Total # of seatsNo. of politicians
With websites
Percentage of politicians with
websites
Woo-ri Ruling Party 48.5% (49) 145 136 93.8%
Han-na-ra Opposition 42.5% (42) 127 117 92.1%
Min-no Opposition 3% (3) 9 9 100%
Min-joo Opposition 3.3% (3) 10 8 80%
Ja-min Opposition 1% (1) 3 3 100%
Kook-min Opposition 0.3% (1) 1 1 100%
Independent Opposition 1.3% (1) 4 3 75%
Total 99.9% (100) 299 277 92.6%
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Sampling: Japan
Parties Status RatioTotal # of
seats# of politicians with
websites
Percentage of politicians with
websites
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
Ruling Party 61.7% (63) 296 277 93.6%
Democratic Party of Japan and Club of Independents (DPJ)
Opposition 23.3% (23) 112 112 100%
New Komeito (Clean Government Party) (CGP)
Ruling Coalition Member
6.5% (6) 31 30 96.8%
Japanese Communist Party (JCP)
Opposition 1.9% (2) 9 9 100%
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
Opposition 1.5% (1) 7 7 100%
Other minor parties Opposition 1.3% (1) 6 6 100%
Independents Opposition 4% (4) 19 18 94.7%
Total 100% (100) 480 459 95.6%
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Features analysis (1): Political information Background (SK) Photo/image/graphic
(J) Party logo (SK) Photo collection (J) Issues position (SK) Endorsements (SK)
Calendar/events Recent policy documen
ts (SK)
Newspaper clippings (J)
Publications Activity reports (J) (SK) Privacy/terms of use
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Background information (SK)
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Photograph/graphic (Japan)
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Image, link to party, assembly bldgs. (SK)
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Photograph album/collection (J)
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Issue position/statements (SK)
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Endorsements (SK)
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Recent policy documents (SK)
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Newspaper Clippings (J) (Nagashima Akihisa)
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Activity reports (J) (Hajiuda Koichi)
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Activity (voting record) (SK)
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Features analysis (2): Communications Join politician’s organiz
ation (SK)
Join political party (J) Donate Get email from site Participate in online
forum/communication space
Distribute political materials offline
Send links Obtain e-paraphernali
a (SK)
Volunteer or internship opportunities (J)
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Join politician’s organization (SK)
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Join political party (J)
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Obtaining e-paraphernalia (SK)
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Volunteer/Internship (J) (Seki Yoshihiro)
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Features analysis (3): Linking
Own/other political parties (J)
Politicians (same party) national/local (SK)
Politicians (different party) national/local
Governments (central, local) (SK)
Local assemblies Election-related govt bodies National assemblies
Parliamentary committees Broadcasters Internet broadcasters Newspapers Internet newspapers Civic/advocacy groups (J) Wireless sites (J) Blogs International bodies General public/other (J) (S
K)
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Link and banner to peer politicians (SK)
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Link to central government (SK)
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Link to own political party (J) (Hirasawa Katsuei)
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Link cell phone website (J) (Nishimura Shingo)
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Link NGOs/civil society groups (J) (Maruya Kaori)
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General Public/Other (Lee Seung Kwon) (Kono Taro)
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Results (1): Political information
* = sig. p<0.01
Information-provision feature present on site South Korean politicians (N=100)
Japanesepoliticians (N=100)
Background information 100 93
Portrait/image/photograph of politician 86 87
Party logo 87* 33*
Photo collection or album 98* 40*
General position on issues 75 75
Issue comparison with other politicians 16* 0*
Endorsements 67* 15*
Calendar/List of events 82* 12*
Policy documents issued within the past month 32* 0*
Newspaper clippings about the politician 89* 24*
Information about publications such as books 21 27
Activity reports 93* 69*
Privacy or terms of use policies 32* 13*
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Results (2): Communications
* = sig. p<0.01
Communications-oriented features South Korean politicians (N=100)
Japanese politicians (N=100)
Join politician’s organization 20* 34*
Join politician’s political party 5 8
Donate 93* 11*
Get e-mail from the site 75* 23*
Participate in an online forum/communications space 99* 17*
Distribute political materials offline 59* 2*
Send links 9 0
Obtain e-paraphernalia 7 0
Volunteer or internship opportunities 14 20
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Results (3a): Linking
* = sig. p<0.01
Linking strategies South Korean politicians (N=100)
Japanese politicians (N=100)
Own political party 89* 70*
Other political parties 4 4
Other politicians in the same party (national level) 3* 18*
Other politicians in the same party (local level) 0* 12*
Other politicians in a different party (national level) 0 0
Other politicians in a different party (national level) 0 0
Central government 52 38
Local governments 60 44
Local assemblies 8 3
Election-related government bodies 11 3
National assemblies 67* 37*
Parliamentary committees 11 4
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Results (3b): Linking
* = sig. p<0.01
Linking strategies South Korean politicians (N=100) Japanese politicians (N=100)
Broadcasters 3 6
Internet broadcasters 0* 27*
Newspapers 9 7
Internet newspapers 9 1
Civic & advocacy groups 37 23
Wireless sites 2* 15*
Blogs 57* 20*
International bodies 4 7
General public 3* 20*
Other 43 28
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Conclusion South Korean politician websites show more
involvement between politicians and the public with regard to information and communications features
Japanese politicians have more cross-linkage with other politicians and channel online interest to formalized offline support organizations
Future of permanent e-campaign?
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Minimalist top page (Japan) (Ohshima Atsuji)
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The endThank you for listening, and thank you to our coders
Leslie Tkach-Kawasaki
Email: [email protected]
Han Woo Park
Email: [email protected]
www.hanpark.net
Partially supported by a Korea Research Foundation Grant