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taks-AHN-uh-meetaks-AHN-uh-mee
Sorting out the Sorting out the whatchamacallitswhatchamacallits
Definition of TermsDefinition of Terms
Taxonomy:Taxonomy: the science of the science of identifying, classifying, and identifying, classifying, and naming living things.naming living things.
Classification:Classification: the arrangement the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.based on their similarities.
Why Classify?Why Classify?
1.1. Humans have an innate need to seek Humans have an innate need to seek order in their surroundings.order in their surroundings.
2.2. Order helps us understand how the Order helps us understand how the world works.world works.
3.3. We can communicate better when We can communicate better when everyone knows what we are talking everyone knows what we are talking about.about.
History of ClassificationHistory of Classification
AristotleAristotle (384-322 B.C.) had a simple (384-322 B.C.) had a simple method: method: Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals
• Animals lived on land, in water, or in airAnimals lived on land, in water, or in air• Plants had three different types of stemsPlants had three different types of stems
This worked until explorers found many This worked until explorers found many new organisms that didn’t fit his system.new organisms that didn’t fit his system.
Common names often varied from region Common names often varied from region to region or were inaccurate (ex: Jellyfish)to region or were inaccurate (ex: Jellyfish)
History of ClassificationHistory of Classification
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) (1707-1778) developed a system with developed a system with hierarchical categories.hierarchical categories.
Based on shared physical Based on shared physical characteristics.characteristics.
Uses seven levels of organizationUses seven levels of organization• The largest is The largest is KingdomKingdom and the most and the most
specific is specific is SpeciesSpecies..
Classification HierarchyClassification Hierarchy
KingdomKingdom Phylum (Division….for plants)Phylum (Division….for plants) ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily Genus Genus SpeciesSpecies
Classification HierarchyClassification Hierarchy
KK PP CC OO FF G G SS
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature: :
bi bi =two =two nom nom =name=name AlwaysAlways in Latin. Why? in Latin. Why?
• Latin is a universal language.Latin is a universal language.
Species nameSpecies name (scientific name) (scientific name) Always in this form:Always in this form:GenusGenus species identifierspecies identifier
• Species identifier is often descriptive, Species identifier is often descriptive, geographical, or named after someonegeographical, or named after someone
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Additional levels of classification Additional levels of classification beyond Genus and Species include:beyond Genus and Species include: VarietiesVarieties: PLANTS with slightly : PLANTS with slightly
different qualitiesdifferent qualities SubspeciesSubspecies: ANIMALS in different : ANIMALS in different
geographical regionsgeographical regions
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Prunus persicaPrunus persica • Variety: NectarineVariety: Nectarine
Prunus persica Prunus persica • Variety: PeachVariety: Peach
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Terrapene carolinaTerrapene carolina Common Eastern Common Eastern
Box TurtleBox Turtle
Terrapene carolina Terrapene carolina triunguitriungui Has three toes Has three toes
instead of four on instead of four on back feet.back feet.
Modern TaxonomyModern Taxonomy
Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of an organism A Phylogeny tree diagram shows the
relationship of organisms. Uses the same evidence used by evolutionary
biologists:• Fossil Record• Comparing structures• Embryo development• DNA
The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System Kingdom
Archaebacteria “archae” is Greek for
ancient Unicelluler with unique
biochemical properties Unique gene sequences Live in extreme
environments like hotsprings, sea vents
The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System
Kingdom Eubacteria “eu” means true Mostly aerobic, but
some are anaerobic Affect the lives of
humans in many ways Rapid reproduction
allows evolutionary response to surroundings
The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System Kingdom Protista
Mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms
Contains organisms that “don’t fit” into other kingdoms
Share aspects of plant and animal kingdom- feed on other organisms but may also use photosynthesis (ex: Euglena)
The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System Kingdom Fungi
All fungi absorb nutrients from their surroundings, nature’s recyclers
Molecularly speaking they are closer to animals then to plants (Chitin)
Often work in symbiosis with plants to provide nutrients or protection from disease
The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System
Kingdom Plantae Nearly all are
autotrophic eukaryotes (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
Have a sexual cycle based on meiosis
Most live on land
The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System
Kingdom Animalia Heterotrophic
multicellular eukaryotes
Have a sexual cycle based on meiosis
Symmetrical body organization
Most have some mobility
The Three Domain System The Three Domain System
1.1. Based on molecular Based on molecular work with work with Ribosomal RNARibosomal RNA
2.2. All organisms tested All organisms tested fall into one of three fall into one of three distinct Domainsdistinct Domains
3.3. Introduced in 1990 Introduced in 1990 by Carl Woese by Carl Woese (discovered (discovered Archeabacteria)Archeabacteria)
The Three Domain System The Three Domain System
Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea The same members as Kingdom ArchaebacteriaThe same members as Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria The same members as Kingdom EubacteriaThe same members as Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya Consists of Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Consists of Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and
AnimaliaAnimalia