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Perception
Who would you vote for?
Was a staunch Catholic Sang in the church choir Took singing lessons Wanted to become a priest Was a good artist Gave his share of orphans’
benefits to his sister Carl Jung (1937) remarked:
"Behind this handwriting I recognize the typical characteristics of a man with essentially feminine instinct."
IQ 141
HITLER
Never went to ChurchNever acquired church
membershipHad no formal
educationLost his jobSuffered from
depressionHad a nervous
breakdownFailed in businessLost elections IQ 128
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
What is Perception
Act of seeing what is there to be seen
DefinitionsPerception: Process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Selection, organisation and interpretation of information
What one perceives may be different from perceived reality. However, the world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important.
Factors influencing perception:- The perceiver- The target- The situation
The Perceiver When an individual looks at the target and attempts to
interpret what he/she observes, that interpretation is heavily influenced by the person characteristics of the individual
You purchase a new car and suddenly notice many of similar models around
If hungry, you notice food outlets around you.
Plastic surgeon notices an imperfect nose!!
.When you learn a new word, you suddenly find it popping up in whatever you read!
Your expectations can distort your perceptions.
The Target
Characteristics of the target being observed can affect what is perceived
Loud people more likely to be noticed
People dressing different from the crowd are noticed.
Motion, sounds, size, and other attributes of a target shape the way we see it.
Also the relationship of the target to the background: Objects that are close to each other tend to be perceived together rather than separately.
Persons, objects, or events that are similar to each other also tend to be grouped together.
The situation The context in which we see objects or events is important.
Elements in the surrounding environment influence our perception.
E.g. a lady dressed in an evening gown and makeup in a management class.
The time at which an object or event is seen can influence your attention.
Perceptual Selectivity
Intensity
Contrast
Size
Repetition
Motion
Novelty & Familiarity
Perceptual Organisation
Figure – Ground
Perceptual Grouping◦Closure◦Continuity◦Proximity◦Similarity
Perceptual Constancy
Perceptual Context
Theories
Attribution: We judge people differently, depending on what meaning we attribute to a given behaviour.
Selective Perception: People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience & attitudes.
Halo / Horn effect: Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
Contrast effects: Evaluation of a person affected by comparison with another recently met.
Projection: Attributing one’s own characteristic to other
Stereotyping: Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs.
Assign social categories’ cluster of traits to person
Stereotyping Process
Social Identity Theory
A model that explains Self-perception & Social perception in terms of an individuals’ unique characteristics (personal identity) and membership in various social groups (Social Identity)
FrequentlyHigh Consistency
Seldom Low Consistency
How often did the individual act this way in the past
FrequentlyLow Distinctiveness
Seldom High Consistency
How often does the individual act this way in other settings
Seldom Low Consensus
Frequently High Consensus
How often do other people act this way in similar settings
External Attribution
Internal Attribution
Co-workers also performing poorly
Low Consensus
Does not perform well only at specific time
High Distinctiveness
Performs other tasks well
Co-workers performing well
Does not do well anytime
Performs all tasks poorly
High Consensus
Low Consistency
High Consistency
Low Distinctiveness
Poor PerformanceInformation / Observation Attribution
External Factors(Situational or Environmental)
Internal Factors(Personal)
Rational – Decision Making Process
Define the problemIdentify the Decision CriteriaAllocate weights to the criteriaDevelop the alternativesEvaluate the alternativesSelect the best alternative
Bounded Rationality
Making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity
◦Overconfidence Bias◦Anchoring Bias◦Confirmation Bias◦Availability Bias◦Representation Bias
Ethics in decision making..\corporate 11.wmv
Utilitarian
Rights
Justice
