Animal StructureAnimal Structure

Chapter 17Chapter 17

Human SystemsHuman Systems Human beings are made up of 11 different body Human beings are made up of 11 different body

systems.systems.

1.1. Skeletal system-Skeletal system- Structure, support, Structure, support, protectionprotection

2.2. Muscular system-Muscular system- ability to move our ability to move our skeletonskeleton

3.3. Respiratory system- Respiratory system- gas exchange ( CO2 gas exchange ( CO2 for O2)for O2)

4.4. Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system- brings the O2 to - brings the O2 to the rest of our tissues and organs.the rest of our tissues and organs.

5.5. Integumentary systemIntegumentary system- Protection for our - Protection for our organs, muscles, and bonesorgans, muscles, and bones

6.6. Immune system-Immune system- Made of cells that help Made of cells that help fight against antigensfight against antigens

Human systemsHuman systems7. 7. Nervous systemNervous system- Carries electrical - Carries electrical

impulses throughout the body impulses throughout the body 8. 8. Endocrine systemEndocrine system- produce hormones - produce hormones

that allow for many different body that allow for many different body functions.functions.

9. 9. Lymphatic system- Lymphatic system- circulation of the circulation of the immune system cells through the body.immune system cells through the body.

10. 10. Digestive system- Digestive system- intake and intake and breakdown of food particles to get breakdown of food particles to get nutrients.nutrients.

11. 11. Reproductive system- Reproductive system- production of production of sex cells in order to reproduce offspring.sex cells in order to reproduce offspring.

12. 12. Excretory system-Excretory system-allows waste to be allows waste to be removed from the body.removed from the body.

Skeletal System Skeletal System The human body consists of 206-208 The human body consists of 206-208

bones depending on the person.bones depending on the person. It gives shape and support to the It gives shape and support to the

body.body. Protects vital organs like the lungs Protects vital organs like the lungs

and heart.and heart. Allows for the attachment of major Allows for the attachment of major

musclesmuscles Bones form blood and immune cells Bones form blood and immune cells

in bone marrow.in bone marrow. And is a major source of our bodies And is a major source of our bodies

calcium and phosphorous. calcium and phosphorous.

Bone structureBone structure Compact bone- Thick Compact bone- Thick

hard, center shaft of hard, center shaft of any bone. It is rich in any bone. It is rich in yellow marrow, blood yellow marrow, blood vessels and calcium.vessels and calcium.

Spongy bone- this is Spongy bone- this is the porous ends of the porous ends of bones. This contains bones. This contains the epiphyseal plates the epiphyseal plates or the growth plates. or the growth plates. This part contains This part contains red marrow, which red marrow, which creates red blood creates red blood cells. cells.

Bone structureBone structure Diaphysis- This is Diaphysis- This is

the also called the the also called the shaft a bone.shaft a bone.

Epiphysis- these are Epiphysis- these are the ends of bones, the ends of bones, which have the which have the epiphyseal plates epiphyseal plates and are covered in and are covered in articular cartilage.articular cartilage.

Periosteum- this is a Periosteum- this is a thin, tough fibrous thin, tough fibrous membrane that membrane that covers all bone and covers all bone and allows blood vessels allows blood vessels and muscles to and muscles to attach to bone.attach to bone.

Bone formationBone formation During human development bone During human development bone

begins as cartilage.begins as cartilage. As the fetus develops the bones As the fetus develops the bones

become vascular, meaning that they become vascular, meaning that they grow blood vessels.grow blood vessels.

They also start to become hard and They also start to become hard and calcify. This means that calcium calcify. This means that calcium starts become concentrated and starts become concentrated and causes the bones to harden.causes the bones to harden.

These bones then fuse together These bones then fuse together years after birth.years after birth.

1.1. Skull- encases brainSkull- encases brain2.2. Cervical VertebraeCervical Vertebrae3.3. Clavicle- or collar boneClavicle- or collar bone4.4. Humerus or upper armHumerus or upper arm5.5. Pelvis Pelvis 6.6. Sternum Sternum 7.7. Rib cageRib cage8.8. LumbarLumbar9.9. RadiusRadius10.10. Ulna Ulna 11.11. Metacarpals Metacarpals 12.12. Phalanges Phalanges 13.13. FemurFemur14.14. PatellaPatella15.15. TibiaTibia16.16. FibulaFibula17.17. Metatarsals Metatarsals 18.18. PhalangesPhalanges

JointsJoints Bones articulate or touch, at joints. The Bones articulate or touch, at joints. The

ends of bones are covered in cartilage so ends of bones are covered in cartilage so when the ends of two bones touch there is when the ends of two bones touch there is less friction.less friction.

Bones are held to together at joints by Bones are held to together at joints by ligaments, tough fibrous tissue. And ligaments, tough fibrous tissue. And tendons attach muscles to bones.tendons attach muscles to bones.

Moveable joints- are joints like knees and Moveable joints- are joints like knees and elbows. Here bones move and rub against elbows. Here bones move and rub against each other.each other.

Immoveable joints- are joints where Immoveable joints- are joints where touching bones do not move and rub touching bones do not move and rub together. Ex: bones of the skull & ribcage.together. Ex: bones of the skull & ribcage.

Integument systemIntegument system This system contains your skin and This system contains your skin and

everything contained in your skin.everything contained in your skin. Our skin function to protect our internal Our skin function to protect our internal

organs against injury and disease.organs against injury and disease. It also helps to insulate us and keep us It also helps to insulate us and keep us

warm with a thin layer of lipid.warm with a thin layer of lipid. Contained in our skin are hairs, glands, Contained in our skin are hairs, glands,

muscles, and many types of nerves.muscles, and many types of nerves. Skin is made of 2 large layers called the Skin is made of 2 large layers called the

epidermis and dermis.epidermis and dermis. These layers contain melanin, which is These layers contain melanin, which is

a pigment that gives skin its color.a pigment that gives skin its color.

Integument systemIntegument system Epidermis- The upper most layer of the Epidermis- The upper most layer of the

skin, which is made of 5-6 smaller layers.skin, which is made of 5-6 smaller layers. The top layer of the epidermis, which is The top layer of the epidermis, which is

exposed to the outside, is made of exposed to the outside, is made of keratinized, or dead cells.keratinized, or dead cells.

The The dermisdermis is the layer of skin beneath is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain.and strain.

The dermis is tightly connected to the The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It epidermis by a basement membrane. It also has many nerve endings that provide also has many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. the sense of touch and heat.

It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands and sebaceous glands, apocrine glands and blood vessels. blood vessels.

Muscular systemMuscular system The The muscular systemmuscular system allows animals to move allows animals to move

internally and externally. The consists of three internally and externally. The consists of three different types of muscles: cardiac, skeletal and different types of muscles: cardiac, skeletal and smooth. smooth.

Cardiac muscle is muscle that makes up the heart. Cardiac muscle is muscle that makes up the heart. It is the only type of muscle consisting of branching It is the only type of muscle consisting of branching fibers. fibers.

Skeletal muscle consists of voluntary muscles Skeletal muscle consists of voluntary muscles attached to the skeletal system enabling bodily attached to the skeletal system enabling bodily movement.movement.

Smooth muscle is the involuntary muscle that Smooth muscle is the involuntary muscle that enables the movement of internal organs. enables the movement of internal organs. Movement of most muscles is controlled through Movement of most muscles is controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles (such the nervous system, although some muscles (such as cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous.as cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous.

There are about 70,000 muscles in the human body There are about 70,000 muscles in the human body