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Clair Hershey
Cassava at CIATAnnual Program Review 2011
Nairobi, Kenya 9 May 2011
Cassava at the vortex
Cassava: in a unique position to respond to some of the trends of the global economy and to the ramifications of climate change:
• Higher food prices and food security for urban poor• Income generation for poor farmers• Cost of inputs and resource use efficiency• Variable rainfall patterns and higher temperatures due to
climate change• Demands for renewable, eco-efficient energy sources
This presentation
• Supporting farmer income and human health through value-added traits
• Identifying gender-sensitive varietal traits and management
• Developing and applying the basic tools for genetic improvement
• Preparing for new challenges of biotic constraints
Supporting farmer income and human health through value-added traits
- Starch mutants- Carotenoids- Post-harvest storage
Cassava can lead the way among tropical crops to support expanding food, feed and industrial markets
Waxy (amylose-free)Combines highly desirable traits for the processed food industry, especially frozen products
Small starch granulesClear advantage for ethanol: rapid hydrolysis (starch to sugar conversion) and lesser use of enzyme for same rate
Source
Storage stability (4°C)
Freeze-thaw
stability (-18°C) Clarity Taste
Maize * * * CerealRice *** * * CerealPotato * * *** bland
Cassava *** ** ** bland
Waxy Maize *** ** ** CerealWaxy Rice *** *** * CerealWaxy Potato ** ** *** blandWaxy Cassava *** *** *** bland
• = low suitability** = moderate suitability*** = high suitability
Extracted from: Sánchez T., Dufour D., Moreno I. X., Ceballos H. (2010). Comparison of Pasting and Gel Stabilities of Waxy and Normal Starches from Potato, Maize, and Rice with Those of a Novel Waxy Cassava Starch under Thermal, Chemical, and Mechanical Stress. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 58, 5093–5099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf1001606
Some starch traits important for the food industry:suitability of normal and mutant sources
“Amylopectin starch has the potential to provide added value estimated at approximately €100 million per year to the European starch potato industry and associated farmers.”http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/innovations/innovative-solutions/amflora (2008)
What is the waxy trait worth?
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Time (hours)
Glu
cose
(%g/
g)
Highest rate of hydrolysis for Small Granule Cassava -- Lesser use of enzyme for same rate of hydrolysis
Waxy cassava starch
Normal cassava starch
Glucose content during simultaneous saccharification & fermentation of cassava starch for ethanol production
Enzyme: Stargen 2; Genencor
Jackapon Sunthornvarabhas, Pathama Chatakanonda, Kuakoon Piyachomkwan and Klanarong Sriroth, Bangkok (Thailand)
62nd Starch Convention 2011, 13-14 April, 2011, Detmold
Cassava-based material in medical and packing application:
Cassava-based composite fibers were fabricated for skin tissue scaffold application
Development of double mutants to generate new starch phenotypes
Waxy starch (wxwxSGSG) Small Granule WxWx sgsgX
F1 (Wxwx SGsg)
Self-pollinated or crossed
Wx -- SG--(Normal starch)
wx wx SG--(Waxy starch)
Wx -- sgsg(Small granule)
wx wx sg sg(Double mutant)
784 S1 and 188 “F2”, transplanted at the end of 2010, will be harvested and tested by the end of 2011
Progress in breeding for total carotenoids content (A nutritional goal of 15 µg/g established in 2005)
TCC
(µg/
g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Minimum
Average
Maximum
Year
y = 2.346x + 8.6995R2 = 0.7763
y = 2.4242x - 1.7686R2 = 0.6247
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
2 6 10 14 18
All trans β-carotene
Sele
ction
inde
x
Rapid screening: use of a colorimeter for quantifying β-carotene
First evaluation of post-harvest physiological deterioration in Thailand (April 2011)
1. Training on the procedure
2. Introduction of potential sources of tolerance
Most women in Africa are involved in weeding cassava fields (typically for the first two months of the crop).
Tolerance to herbicides could have a positive impact on the lives of these women. We are focusing on this trait by screening for naturally occurring mutants.
Gender-sensitive traits
Women in Africa and LAC are involved in peeling cassava for small processing facilities (i.e. gari,farinha, etc.)
Thick peel facilitates peeling, but is undesirable for starch extraction.
The article “Genetic variability of root peel thickness and its influence in extractable starch from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots” to be published in Plant Breeding address this issue.
Gender-sensitive traits
Developing and applying the basic tools for genetic improvement
A M 3 2 0
TAI8 BW BY 3 7 8 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 51
C o l o r 4 2 8 4 8 5 4 2 2 2 8 5 8 2 5 2 4 5 1 1 2 8 4 8 8 4 8 1 5 2 4 4 1 8 3 3 3 4 3 8
Inbreeding in cassava through the production of double haploids: 2010-2013
supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Project partners: CIAT Colombia Anther & Microspore technology; Crosses with wild Cassava relatives H. Ceballos, B. Dedicova, P. Perera
ICESI, Colombia Ovule technology Z. Lentini , A. Gonzales
SChIB, China ( South China Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science),
Microspore technology Ch. Wang
ISBS, China (Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences),China Microspore technology Z. Peng
NaCRI, Uganda (National Crops Resources Research Institute),
Anther.& Microspore& Ovule technology Y. Baguma, M. Namutebi
IITA,Nigeria (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture)
Crosses with wild Cassava relatives Peter Kulakow
Anther culture
• Tested factors for embryogenesis induction of the microspores in the anthers– Stress pretreatment – Basal medium– Pollen developmental
stage• Successfully induced
microspore embryogenesis
• Plant regeneration is in progress
Microspore Culture • Tested factors for embryogenesis
induction of the microspores– Stress pretreatment – Pollen developmental stage
– Based on the size of the flower
– Based on the size of the microspore/pollen
• Successfully induced microspore embryogenesis
• Cytological observations proved the origin of the callus is from the microspore/pollen grain
Induced tetrads and micro callus formation
Induced pollen grains and micro callus formation
Growth of pollen tube in female flowers (a-b); one hour after pollination (c-d) and three hours after pollination (e-f)
New research on reproductive biology
Natalia Ramos (Ph.D. student, wide crosses)
Training
Segregation for root color in an advanced breeding family
17 μg
0 μg
Genetics and Genomics
Genetics and GenomicsMAS for carotenoids
IPP
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
Phytoene
Lycopene
-carotene(vitamin A precursor)
Phytoene synthase
Phytoene desaturase
Lycopene-beta-cyclase
ξ-carotene desaturase
-Carotene Pathway in Plants
Genetics and GenomicsMAS for whitefly resistance
White paper on cassava information resources in collaboration with IITA and DOW. Draft circulated to the community in early April
Analysis of Sanger + 454 sequences from CIAT-RIKEN biotic stress full length cDNA libraries
6100
3-1-
002
6100
3-1-
003c
6100
3-1-
004
6100
3-1-
005
6100
3-1-
006
6100
3-1-
007
6100
3-1-
008
6100
3-1-
009
6100
3-1-
010
6100
3-1-
011
6100
3-1-
012
6100
3-1-
014
6100
3-1-
016c
6100
3-1-
017
6100
3-1-
018
BNL3989 H B H H H B H X H H H B H H HBNL1160 A B H H H B B H A H H H H A HBNL3895a A C A C C C A A A A C C A A CBNL3895b B D B B D B B B B B D D B B DBNL3806 B H X B X X X B X X B H B X BBNL0834a H H A X B H H H H H A A B A HBNL0834b D D D X B D D D D D D D D D BBNL0252 B A A H H A B B A A H H H B BBNL3811 H H H A B A H H A B A A B A ABNL0358 H H B H A H H H H H H B A H B
Previously developed genetic maps
Cassava informatics
CIAT Cassava Informatics Sequences cleaned, assembled and annotated To do: integration of 454 and Sanger
sequences into single assembly, alignment to reference genome Cassava4, annotation updates
Illumina sequencing of AM560-2 (with Yale) to improve reference assembly. Awaiting sequence from Yale's sequencing center
Phenotyping
Genotyping
There is a rapidly growing gap between our capacity to genotype and our capacity to phenotype
Preparing for new challengesof biotic constraints
Pest Major Species America Africa AsiaMites
Mealybugs
Whiteflies
HornwormsLacebugs
Borrower bugsStemborers
Thrips
Scales Frutflies
Shootflies
GallmidgesWhite grubs
Termites
Leaf cutter ants
Root mealybugs
Grasshoppers
Mononychellus tanajoaTetranychus urticaePhenacoccus manihotiPhenacoccus herreniAleurotrachelus socialisAleurothrixus aepimBemisia tabaciErinnyis elloVatiga illudensV. manihotaeCyrtomenus bergiChilomima clarkeiCoelosternus spp.Frankliniella williamsiScirtothrips manihotiAonidomytilus ubusAnastrepha pickeliA. manihotiNeosilba pereziSilba pendulaJatrophobia (Eudiplosis)
brasiliensisLeucopholis roridaPhyllophaga spp.Coptotermes spp.Heterotermes tenuisAtta spp.Acromymex spp.Pseudococcus mandioStictococcus vayssierreiZonocerus elegantsZ. Variegatus
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XX
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
XXX
- Larger plantations, monocropping, genetic uniformity (e.g. Brazil)
- Increased area planted, continuum of cassava farms
- Changing management practices to meet industrial needs: constant source of roots needed for cost-efficient processing (e.g. overlapping planting dates)
-- Increased chemical pesticide use/misuse
Effects on cassava pest occurrence and severity
MANAGEMENT FACTORS
- Climate changes: rainfall patterns and cycles, warmer temperatures, affect on planting patterns
Effects on cassava pest occurrence and severity
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change models suggest that the greatest impact on cassava will be from biotic constraints, and much less from
abiotic (drought; higher temperatures)
Potential distribution of B. tabaci,based on known distribution of Biotype A.
Source: Herrera et al. (in press)
Potential distribution of Cassava Mosaic Disease
Source: Herrera et al. (in press)
Potential distribution of Cassava Green Mite
Source: Herrera et al. (in press)
• Source: Herrera et al. (in press)
• Source: Herrera et al. (in press)
Source: CIAT
CIAT Roles1. RISK ASSESSMENT: Lead a global assessment of
threats from cassava pests2. MONITORING: Establish comprehensive monitoring
with national/international partners3. MANAGEMENT: Establish or strengthen core
capacities to meet global pest management needs4. CAPACITY BUILDING: Work with partners for
sustainable capacity to respond to pest challenges
Expected Impacts of CIAT Research(CIAT Business Plan)
• Increased income from marketing varieties with higher value
• Improved health due to increased macro and micro nutrient components in new varieties
• Reduced health and environmental risk from pesticide use
• Profitability and reduced risk of climate-related shocks
• Reduction in adverse environmental impacts from processing
How do we get there?
• Initiation of the Root, Tuber and Banana CGIAR Research Program (RTB-CRP) and rationalized research agenda– Strengthened ties with IITA– A comprehensive priority-setting exercise up front
• Aggressively exploit the opportunities to promote cassava’s comparative advantages to donors as a multi-purpose, pro-poor, climate change-resilient crop
• Build headquarters and Asia capacity to, and beyond, minimum critical level
• Build capacity of partners through training and policy advocacy
Thank you