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Welcome and introduction to Cardiff Case Studies
Dr Peter Mackie
The case studies initiative:What are they & how might they be used?
Teaching aims• A free resource for teachers to use as examples • A free resource for students to use as examples in
their coursework and exams• Improve student awareness of basic university-level
skills
The case studies initiative:What are they & how might they be used?
Broader aims• Encourage links between Cardiff university and FE
institutions• Raise awareness of issues covered at university. This
may: i] increase interest amongst widening access students; ii] support the transition of other students
• Promote undergraduate courses at Cardiff University
Innovation and application of Geographical research methods
Please contact Dr Jon Anderson for copies of this presentation
Cardiff’s spatial structure
Compact historic centre
Coal metropolis
Rail and road infrastructure
Central pivot point of road and rail
River corridors
‘Hand and fingers’; ‘fan-like’
A compact and intimate city
Constrained by physical geography and coalescence
Strategic options for growth (1966)
City of 500,000 by the year 2000
City centre redevelopment
Different models of growth
Close peripheral expansion – a single, unified and growing city
An ‘all car’ solution to transport
Re-shaping the city – 1977
Declining population
‘Hollowing out’ of the city
New roads infrastructure
M4 motorway
Peripheral distributor road
Special employment use
Housing in the north and east of the city
Capitalising on strategic sites - - 1983
Technology parks and business parks
Countryside belt to constrain development
Inner city decline
Peripheral suburban growth
Prioritising investment in the ‘waterfront strip’
‘Losing control’ of the city’s development strategy
Over-allocation of land
The ‘greening’ of growth - 1995
The sustainability agenda
A European capital
Landscape designations
Retail concentration
Consolidation of Cardiff Bay
The city approaching its ‘limits’
Projects – 1990s-present
Increasingly dated planning framework
Opportunism and project-led schemes
Increasing pressure on greenfield sites
Major residential allocations
Where next for Cardiff?
City centre and Cardiff Bay has been focus for development
Significant population growth estimated
Residential allocations in north and or west of Cardiff
Sustainable communities
Challenge to Cardiff’s character and existing communities
Using the case study
Principles of urban growth
Historical impacts on city’s form
Urban models
Population figures and forecasts
Place-marketing
‘Live’ projects in Local Development Plan and community engagement
Thank you for listening
The environmental impacts of a major sport event:
a case study of the FA Cup Final
Dr Andrea [email protected]
Background to case study
• Event organisers and policy makers are increasingly interested in the environmental impacts of major events.
• Increased action amongst organisers of major sport events to reduce their environmental impacts.
• How might we begin to identify and measure the environmental impacts associated with staging major sport events?
• One approach is the ‘Ecological Footprint’.
The Case Event: 2004 FA Cup Final• Tourism is an important part of Cardiff’s
development strategy as an ‘events city’ (11 million tourists per year).
• Cardiff hosted the FA Cup Final at the Millennium Stadium (2001-2006) while Wembley was being rebuilt.
• Economic impact 2001 Final - estimated £16.3 million additional expenditure (£11.7m in local economy).
• But, what might be the environmental impacts associated with hosting such a major sporting event?
Measuring Tool: The Ecological Footprint
• The Ecological Footprint is a spatial indicator.• Measures the environmental impact by estimating the land area
required to provide the goods and services consumed by a defined population.
• “Do we fit onto our planet or are we consuming too much too fast?”
• The Footprint’s unit of analysis in the ‘global hectare’ (gha).• In 2007, the available biocapacity of the planet was 1.8 global
hectares (WWF, 2010).• However, the average person had a Footprint of 2.87 global
hectares - 50% greater.
Putting Sport Events in the Picture
• Good awareness raising tool. • Identify and compare the
environmental impacts of different types of visitor activities.
• Could be used to plan and manage events in a more sustainable way and reduce their environmental impacts.
• Event: 2004 FA Cup Final• Geographical Location: Cardiff• Venue: Millennium Stadium, • Event Duration: 1 day• Visitor Numbers: 73,000
(98% ticket holders)• Primary data collected for:
– visitor travel to the event– visitor food and drink consumption– infrastructure of the event venue– event related waste
Footprinting the 2004 FA Cup Final (Manchester Utd v Millwall FC)
Calculating the Ecological Footprint: Key Data Sources
Source of Information Data obtained
The FA Ticket sales
Millennium Stadium Food and drink sales (Hospitality & Public)
Litter and Waste
Cardiff Council Litter collected from street sweepings and waste bins
Park and Ride (no. of vehicles)
Food and Drink Business survey in City centre & Bay area
(Permanent & Mobile)
No. of customers
Amount of food and drink purchased
Amount of waste and composition
Supporters Survey (1% sample) Visitor travel to the event, food and drink consumption, and length of stay
Final Score: Ecological Footprint Results
Consumption Category
Total VisitorEcological
Footprint [gha]
Visitors Ecological
Footprint at home [gha]
Visitor Additional Ecological Footprint
[gha]
Transport 1670 120 1550
Food and drink 1381 268 1113
Stadium Infrastructure
0.10 - -
Total 3051( 0.04 gha/visitor)
388( 0.036 gha/visitor)
2663( 0.005gha/visitor)
Additional Footprint = Total Footprint minus (-) Home Footprint
Visitor Travel• Travel footprint 1,670 global hectares
– 55% total event Footprint– 15 times greater visitors Footprint at home
• 43 million passenger kilometres:– car (47%) – rail (34%)– coaches (17%)– mini-bus (2%)
Visitor Food & drink
• 1,381 global hectares • 45% total event Footprint• Almost 5 times greater than visitors
footprint at home over the same period (i.e. 1 days)
• Relates to the scale, type and pattern of visitors food and drink consumption
• 99% from ‘eating out’ establishments (e.g. restaurants and fast food outlets)
Food Facts – Match Day (10 supporters)
Alcoholic drinks• 41 pints lager• 12 measures spirits• 9 pints beer• 9 bottles alcohol pops• 5 pints cider• 2 bottles wine
Non-alcoholic drinks• 30 cans soft drink• 4 bottles mineral water• 4 cups tea/coffee
Food• 7 meat dishes• 1 vegetarian dish• 5 pasties/pies/sausage rolls• 4 sandwiches• 3 portions chips• 3 cakes• 3 ice-creams• 2 beef burgers• 2 hotdogs• 2 packets crisps• 0 pieces fruit
Visitor Waste
• Estimated 59 tonnes of waste: – food & drink businesses (79%)– Millennium Stadium (10%)– coach and car parks (6%) – litter bins & sweepings (5%)
• Majority sent to landfill: – glass (66%)– food waste (18%) – paper & card packaging (10%)
Stadium Infrastructure
• Seating capacity 74,500 • Facilities including restaurants, bars, merchandise outlets• 60,000 tonnes building materials (majority concrete & steel)• Estimated 100 million visitors over 100 yr lifespan• Infrastructure Footprint 0.10 global hectares per event
Conclusions
• Within a relatively short period of time a major sport event can generate a large ecological impact.
• Number of supporters, they way they travel, their food and drink consumption, and litter and waste produced all have significant environmental impacts.
• The Footprint can identify those consumption activities that have the greatest impact.
• Assist event organisers and decision makers in managing the environmental impacts of events and assess the effectiveness different policies and strategies.
Retail Change in CardiffRetail Change in Cardiff Focus is on Focus is on explainingexplaining patterns of patterns of
decentralised retail developmentdecentralised retail development ‘‘NaïveNaïve’ explanation would emphasise ’ explanation would emphasise
consumer access and requirements of retailersconsumer access and requirements of retailers More More realisticrealistic explanation examines: explanation examines:
town planning policy and its applicationtown planning policy and its application developers’ requirementsdevelopers’ requirements influence of wider economic and political agendasinfluence of wider economic and political agendas
Cardiff is a good case-study:Cardiff is a good case-study: City of 320,000 pop., plenty of potential for out-of-City of 320,000 pop., plenty of potential for out-of-
centre developmentcentre development Benefits from detailed long-term research into retail Benefits from detailed long-term research into retail
development and planning policydevelopment and planning policy
Decentralised RetailingDecentralised Retailing
Large Food Store Large Food Store (Hypermarket, Superstore)(Hypermarket, Superstore) usually free-standingusually free-standing typically Tesco, Asda, typically Tesco, Asda,
Sainsbury, MorrisonSainsbury, Morrison Retail WarehouseRetail Warehouse
usually in clusters usually in clusters (Retail (Retail Parks)Parks)
mainly ‘bulky goods’ (typically mainly ‘bulky goods’ (typically B and Q, MFI, Comet, etc.)B and Q, MFI, Comet, etc.)
more recently, ‘high street more recently, ‘high street goods’ (Toys R Us, Boots, goods’ (Toys R Us, Boots, Argos, Next, etc.)Argos, Next, etc.)
Cardiff – Out of Centre RetailingCardiff – Out of Centre Retailing
Total out-of-centre floor area:115,000 sq.m. convenience 241,000 sq.m. comparison
(City centre 321,000 sq.m.)
Three main clusters, all close to major road intersections
Cardiff - Food SuperstoresCardiff - Food Superstores
Asda
Asda
Morrison Tesco
Tesco
Asda
Tesco
Tesco
Sainsbury
SainsburyTesco
City Centre
Morrison
Asda
Waitrose
Cardiff - Retail ParksCardiff - Retail Parks
Culverhouse Cross Cardiff Bay
Newport Road
Cardiff Gate
City CentreCapital
Lifestyle
Cardiff County Council: Retail Cardiff County Council: Retail Planning PolicyPlanning Policy
In principle, follows central Government guidance In principle, follows central Government guidance to severely limit out-of-centre developmentto severely limit out-of-centre development
But unable in 1980s/90s to withstand But unable in 1980s/90s to withstand development pressure in key locationsdevelopment pressure in key locations
Some retailing encouraged by Council in order to Some retailing encouraged by Council in order to finance other development:finance other development: Cardiff Gate (residential, new road)Cardiff Gate (residential, new road) Leckwith (new football stadium)Leckwith (new football stadium) International Sports VillageInternational Sports Village
Has managed to restrict nature of goods sold out-Has managed to restrict nature of goods sold out-of-centre, to protect city centreof-centre, to protect city centre
Example of Retail-Example of Retail-Led Regeneration: Led Regeneration:
Leckwith Leckwith DevelopmentDevelopment
On the site of previous On the site of previous athletics stadiumathletics stadium
Includes:Includes: Cardiff City stadiumCardiff City stadium athletics stadium on athletics stadium on
new sitenew site retail park (42,000 retail park (42,000
sq.m.)sq.m.) Costco, Asda, and Costco, Asda, and
smaller unitssmaller units hotel & health club hotel & health club
Retail park and hotel Retail park and hotel required to help required to help finance the new stadiafinance the new stadia
ConclusionsConclusions Case-studies such as Cardiff can throw Case-studies such as Cardiff can throw
light on processes of retail growth and light on processes of retail growth and changechange
Over 100 out-of-centre stores, which Over 100 out-of-centre stores, which together exceed the city centre retail together exceed the city centre retail areaarea
Clear that Cardiff Council’s policy of Clear that Cardiff Council’s policy of restricting off-centre development restricting off-centre development hasn’t worked properlyhasn’t worked properly
Shows that planning policy can be Shows that planning policy can be subordinated to other objectives (more subordinated to other objectives (more important politically)important politically)
Cardiff Case Studies: Geographical Research for FE teachers
