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Frédéric BaudronCIMMYT Ethiopia
Promoting CA amongst the largest livestock population in Africa: does it
make sense?
Long-term sustainability (e.g. SOC)
Short-term productivity (e.g. WUE)
Animal traction
Nutrient cycling
Income generation
Saving / Insurance
Display of status
Feeding the soil vs. livestock
1. Understanding trade-offs
2. Using biomass more efficiently
3. Increasing cereal productivity
4. Making CA work5. Producing more biomass6. Increasing the
productivity of livestock7. Providing incentives to
reduce livestock number
What can be done?
1. How much biomass is needed by the soil?
(from Scopel et al., 2005)
for runoff & erosion control
(from Giller et al., 2009)
for SOC increase & maintenance
1. How much biomass is required for herd
maintenance?
(Source: SIMLESA baseline)
Type 1 Type 2 Type 30
1
2
3
4
5
6
BullsHeifersCalvesOxenCows
Nu
mb
er
of
he
ad
s
Type 1 Type 2 Type 30
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Min
imu
m b
iom
ass r
eq
uir
ed
to
ke
ep
th
e h
erd
ali
ve
(to
ne
s)
Resource-endowment
20 40 60 80100
120
0
20
40
Total water transpired mm)
Wate
r con
v e
ff(k
g m
m-1
)
20 40 60 80100
120
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total water transpired(mm)
Nit
rog
en
up
take
(kg
ha-1
)
0 20 40 60 80 1000
20
40
60
80
Total nitrogen uptake(kg ha-1)
Nit
rog
en
con
v e
ff(k
g k
g-1
)0 50 100 150 200
0
50
100
150
Total mineralnitrogen (kg ha-1)
Tota
l w
ate
r tr
an
sp
ired
(m
m)
0 5 10 15 200
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Time since forest clearance(years)
Tota
l S
OC
in
th
e 0
-20
cm
(t
ha-1
)
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total cultivated area
Cotton area
Cereal area
Surf
ace
are
a (
ha)
FARMSIMAPSIM
Plot-level:« It depends… »
100 150 200 250
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Yie
ld i
ncre
ase
co
mp
are
d t
o b
are
so
il
100 150 200 250
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
100 150 200 250
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Early rainfall (mm)
100 kg ha-1 1000 kg ha-1 3000 kg ha-1
1. « What is the optimum allocation? »(Baudron et al., in prep)
Plot-level:« It depends… »
Farm-level:« All for
livestock… »
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%1500.0
1750.0
2000.0
2250.0
2500.0
2750.0
3000.0
3250.0
3500.0
Gra
in y
ield
(t
ha
-1)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0
1
2
3
4
5
0 kg ha-1
20 kg ha-1
40 kg ha-1
60 kh ha-1
80 kg ha-1
100 kg ha-1
Ca
ttle
nu
mb
er
(he
ad
s h
a-1
)
Retention of sorghum residue as surface mulch
1. « What is the optimum allocation? »(Baudron et al., in prep)
Plot-level:« It depends… »
Farm-level:« All for
livestock… »
Village-level:« Half-half… »
0 20 40 60 80 1000
20
40
60
80
Low
-en
do
we
d
farm
ers
win
nin
g
0 20 40 60 80 1000
5
10
15
20
Hig
h-e
nd
ow
ed
fa
rme
rs w
inn
ing
0 20 40 60 80 1000
10
20
30
40
50
Low
-en
do
we
d
farm
ers
lo
osin
g
0 20 40 60 80 100420
440
460
480
500
520
Hig
h-e
nd
ow
ed
fa
rme
rs l
oo
sin
g
Retention of sorghum residue as surface mulch (%)
1. « What is the optimum allocation? »(Baudron et al., in prep)
2. « EXRATION » : a simple Excel program to formulate feed rations for
dairy cows
EXRATION
…etc…
Set of available ingredients characterized by their ME, CP, NDP and $
OPTIMIZATION
Characteristics of the cow (weight, pregnacy stage, etc)
+production objective
Cheapest ration satisfying the cow requirements
2. « Managing » grazing
PERENIALS
CROPLAND
FUEL
LIVESTOCK
MANURE+
+
-
+
-
+ -
Enclosed farm-land
Open Farmland0
1
2
3
4
SO
M (
%)
Enclos
ed far
mland
Open
Farm
land
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
TN
(%
)
Enclos
ed far
mland
Open
Farm
land
05
1015202530
CEC
(m
eq/1
00 g
)
(from Mamo et al., 2011)
3. Stress Tolerant and Resource-Efficient Maize
Improved Maize for
African Soils
Drought Tolerant Maize for
Africa
Insect Resistant Maize for
Africa
3. Precision Agriculture: when, where, how much?
Ciudad Obregon, 6 sites, 2001 and 2002
y = 506.42e175.91x
R2 = 0.78
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
INSEY
Gra
in y
ield
, kg
/ha
O226, 2001
P209, 2001
P227WR, 2002
P227, 2002
P226, 2002
Q212, 2002
(from Freeman and Sayre, pers. com.)
5000 USD
200 USD
3. Maximizing tree-crop facilitation
Micro-climatic effect Reduced evaporation,
hydraulic lift N fixation and
recycling, P mobilization
What variety traits? (e.g. heat resistance, root system)
What management? (e.g. tillage, N&P fertilization)
3. Dual purpose maize
Type 1 Type 2 Type 390%92%94%96%98%
100%102%104%106%108%110%
SC 403 BH 140 Melkassa 2
MHQ 138 MH 130
Fu
lfilm
en
t of
the e
nerg
y
req
uir
em
en
t of
the h
erd
Type 1 Type 2 Type 30
2000
4000
6000
8000
BH-140 Mulch MH 130 MHQ-138 SC-403 Melkassa 2
Maiz
e s
tover
to b
e u
sed
as s
urf
ace m
ulc
h (
t h
a-1
)
4. Water use efficiency
0 100 1000 30000%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Transpiration Runoff Soil evaporationDrainage
Surface mulch (kg DM ha-1)
Wate
r use b
y s
org
hum
CA: increased infiltration and reduced evaporation
Is this extra moisture being used?
4. Nitrogen Management
Crucial in CA:o N leaching (increased
drainage)o N immobilization
(retention of residues with a wide C:N ratio)
o Reduced SOM mineralization (reduced tillage)
Split application of N?
Micro-dosing? Precision
Agriculture?
4. Genotype × Management
No tillage (early vigour)
Intercropping (erect leaves)
Water use efficiency Low N Disease resistance
(e.g. fusarium crown rot)
5. When is the feed shortage?
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Bo
dy c
on
dit
ion
Rangeland Cropland
Maize stover Teff straw
5. Producing more biomass
Maize
Maize
-lablab
Maize
-pigeo
npea
Maize
-cow
pea
Lablab
Pigeo
npea
Cowpe
a0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Resid
ue p
roduct
ion (
t D
M
ha-1
)
Intercropping
Forages and pernenials in unexploited farm niches
6. Increasing livestock productivity Market pull: animals with higher productivity produce milk
and meat at a lower cost… … and require feed sources that are more concentrated in
energy than maize stover
0 10 20 300
40
80
120
160
200 Sweet potato vineGroundnut hayFaidherbia leavesLeucaenaLablabVetchCalliandraCow pea hayDesmodiumSoybean strawBean straw
Milk production (L)
En
erg
y r
eq
uir
em
en
t a
nd
pro
-vis
ion
(M
J/d
)
0 20 400
10
20
30
40
50
Milk production (L)
Pro
duct
ion c
ost
(MJ/
L)
7. Providing substitutes to the function livestock plays
From animal manure to mineral fertilizers
From large herds to credit and insurance facilities
From animal traction to mechanization
???
Is SSA Ready for Small-Scale Agricultural Mechanization?
> 4 tones per year
Farm power: the « forgotten resource » for SI in SSA
Increasing reliance of African agriculture on human muscle power 65% power in SSA Collapse of tractor hire
schemes Decreasing ADP in the 1990s
Labour constraints Ageing population, rural-urban
migration, HIV/AIDS Labour drudgery
Unattractive sector Gender implications
Trend in cattle population owned by smallholder Zambian farmers (from Haggblade & Tembo, 2003)
Powerdemand
Pow
er
su
pp
ly
4WT,2WT
Animaltraction
Manualsystems
e.g. Western Kenya
e.g. Ethiopia,
Zimbabwe
e.g. India, Banglades
h Desirable space
CA systems Conventionnaly-tilled systems
CA-2WTs SynergiesThe suppression of inversion tillage reduces power
requirements by 50% , allowing for the use of smaller
and cheaper sources of power
Thank you!