Birth & Reproductive Developmental ProcessBy: Mylacia Hopkins & Shabria Baylor

Introduction

Did you know that in many types of bony fish they can be born a male, transform into a female, and then convert back to a male. One could also produce sperm and eggs. These are just two of the many interesting facts you will learn from this power point presentation

Reproduction And Development Reproduction and development are integral

factors of life. Multicellular organisms arise through a process that begins with the fertilized egg and ends with a new individual (Chopin).

The fertilized egg undergoes cell divisions to increase the number of cells; simultaneously, the cells produced differentiate into the organs and organs systems of the fully formed organism (Chopin).

Repro. And Development ContinueFertilization is the fusion of the nuclei of the egg

and sperm, and the single cell that results from this fusion is called the fertilized egg or zygote (Chopin).

Each of the gametes are haploid which, contains one- half of the chromosomes

Fertilization restores the diploid number (Chopin).

The egg degrades the cytoplasm and organelles of the sperm; only the chromosomes of the sperm contribute to the fertilized egg (Chopin).

Repro. And Development ContinueGastrulation is the folding in of the cells of

the blastula at a point called the blastoporeEctoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are the

three germ layers from which all cells, tissues and organs develop (Chopin).

Induction is the process during which individual cells are "told" what they are supposed to become (Chopin).

The Difference Between Vertebrates & Invertebrates Vertebrates Invertebrates

Have a backbone

Have a central

system

Internal skeleton

Do not have backbone

Have no internal

skeleton

Have a fluid-filled

hydrostatic skeleton

Reproduction in VertebratesReproduction and development of sexual

characteristics in vertebrates are controlled directly by the hormones produced in the gonads, estrogens, progesterone and testosterone (King).Males brood the eggs until the young hatch

and can swim actively when he expels them into the water ().

In pipe fishes and sea horses the female places her eggs into the males pouch

Some males can reproduce eggs

Vertebrates Cont.Ovoviviparous Fishes

The female retains fertilized eggs in her bodyEmbryo is nourished by yolk sac No nutrient connection between the parent and the

developing embryos (Animal Explore).Viviparous Fishes

The female retains eggs in her ovaryEmbryo is nourished by connection with the mother

(Animal Explore).

Bony FishesSexual Maturity

Fishes become sexually mature at various ages, depending on species. In general, small species begin reproducing at an earlier age than large species (Animal Explore).

Reproductive modesIn most species of bony fishes, sperm and eggs

develop in separate male and female individuals (Animal Explore).

Bony Fish

Bony Fish Cont.There are many factors that may influence bony

fish breedingChanges in the duration of sunlightTemperature changePresence of the opposite sex, currents, tides, moon

stages, and presence of spawning areasReproduction in bony fishes are generally in cycles

Some bony fishes may spawn many times in a yearSome may reproduce once a year until they dieOthers may reproduce only once during their lifetime

More Bony Fish

Reproduction in InvertebratesFlatworms

Production of millions of eggsAssociated with many difficulties in dispersing

the speciesReproductive

Flat worm’s reproduction is asexual because they can divide into 2 halves

Each half grows into a separate organism.They possess both male and female sex organsThe worms practice cross-fertilization

Flat Worm

A Insects Life CycleInsects have two different life cyclesNymphsLarvaThey are different in ways and are alike in

waysMostly all insect go through one of the

two life cycles

Nymph CycleNymphs are insects that hatch out of the egg.Feed off of plants, mostly roots of plants.These insects often eat for many years.Typical nymph insects look exactly like the adult

except there the young.Most nymph that looks like the adult will not have

wings and some will have wings.Nymphs usually shed skinGrow bigger in sizeSome nymphs may come out of the ground and shed

their last layer of skin before actually being a adult

Nymph Insects

Larvae CycleLarva’s eggs hatches into caterpillars or

larva.Larvae eats mostly anything it can find to eat

to get nourishment; this can go on for several years and or several days

Larva looks completely different from the adult

Larva sheds its skin and it becomes a pupa this is the last time they shed their skin

Comparing Fish & InsectsFish InsectsSexuallyCreated by egg and

spermLay eggsSome die after

reproductionSome fishes embryo

occur outside females body

Some fishes embryo occur inside females body

SexuallyCreated by egg and

spermLay eggsSome die after

reproductionSome fishes embryo

occur outside females body

Some fishes embryo occur inside females body

Larvae Insects

Contrasting Fish & InsectsFish InsectsSome fish have live

young Some fish die after

reproductionSome fish reproduce

once in their lifeSome fish reproduce

annuallySome fish reproduce

many times a year

Most of all insect lay eggs

Most insects go through 2 cycles after reproduction

There is simple reproduction

There is complex reproduction

After insect lay their young it take about 7-10 days to them to break out of their egg

ConclusionAs you can see every living thing can

reproduce and repeat for generations and generations. The only difference is how they reproduce. Humans reproduce inside the mother where the sperm enters the egg. In fish they sometimes lay eggs and then the male releases the sperm on them. Last but not least insects which lay eggs and go through two cycles after reproduction. It seems like all the same process but there are many differences.

Works Cited"Animal Explore." Bony Fishes. Discovery Cove Inc, 2011. Web. 28 Nov 2011. <http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-

fish/reproduction.htm>. Chopin, Suzzette. "Development." Biology Refernce. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://www.biologyreference.com/Co-Dn/Development.html>.Ramel, Gordon. The Placental Mammal and Reproduction. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/reproduction.html>.King, Peter. "Vertebrate Physiology Bio410." Reproduction. N.p., 01Jan. 2011. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://people.fmarion.edu/pking/vertphys/reproduction.html>.Anatomy of Animals. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://universe-

review.ca/R10-33-anatomy.htm>.Lense, Liquid. “Flickr.” Flickr. 2010. Web. 8 Dec. 2011.

Work Cited Cont’d Rae, Peter MM. "Flickr: Peter M M Rae's Photostream." Welcome to Flickr -

Photo Sharing. Flickr, 2 Nov. 2011. Web. 08 Dec. 2011.

<http://www.flickr.com/photos/petermmrae/with/6306747238/>.

"Google Images." Google. Freewebs.com, 13 Oct. 2010. Web. 08 Dec. 2011.

<http://www.google.com/imgres?q=flatfish>.

Whenua, Manaaki. "Insects & Spiders." Lancare Research. Insect Information,

1996-2011. Web. 8 Dec. 2011.

Ken, Diver. "Flickr." Flickr. 2007. Web. 8 Dec. 2011.

Boyer, Massimo. "Google Images." Google. Lhsvirtualzoo.wikispaces.com. Web.

08 Dec. 2011. <http://www.google.com/imgres?q=flatworms>.

Yongxin, Zhang. "Butterfly Larva." 123RF. 123RF, Dec. 2008. Web. 8 Dec. 2011.

Meng, Alan&Hui. "Life Cycle of A Cricket/Grasshopper." Vtaide. Web. 8 Dec.

2011.