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Kingdom AnimaliaLabs 8 – 15
review
Exercise 8 - Porifera & Radiata
Phylum Porifera – sponges
No symmetry, no true tissues
Cellular level organization
spongocoel, osculum, holdfast - Fig. 8-1
Spicules and spongin – Fig. 8-2 – supporting framework for sponge and maintain integrity of canal systems
Figs. 8-1 & 8-2
Exercise 8 - Porifera & Radiata
Phylum Porifera – sponges
Know also simple, intermediate, complex body types – Fig. 8-3
Choanocytes – movement of water thru sessile body is produced by choanocytes also called flagellated collar cells (pg. 8.4)
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Fig. 8-3
Phylum Porifera Don’t forget glass sponge!
Skeleton of silica spicules
RadiataPhylum Cnidaria
True tissues
Radial symmetry
Stinging cells – cnidocytes
Tentacles around mouth
Gastovascular cavity – incomplete digestive system one opening in and out!
After larval stage (planula) there may be polyp, medusa stage or both!
Fig. 8-4 Hydra with bud
Cnidocytes vs. nematocyst
A. Outer epidermis,B. mid - noncellular mesoglea C. Inner gastrodermis
Phylum CnidariaThree classes
Hydrozoa – solitary or colonial with polyps & medusae in life cylce – Hydra, Portuguese man of war, ‘water animals’
Syphozoa – solitary large medusae, polyps absent or reduced, jellyfish, ‘upside down cup’
Anthozoa – solitary or colonial polyps, no medusae, the ‘flower animals’, sea anemone & coral (carbonate exoskeletons)
Fig. 8-6 Life cycle of Obelia
Fig. 8-7 Medusa
Exercise 9 - BilateriaBilateria – because these animals have bilateral
symmetry
Forming a true head – cephalization – associated with these animals
www.biologycorner.com
BilateriaDifferent body cavities!
Acoelomate – no body cavity
Psuedocoelomate – has a body cavity with mesoderm on one side and endoderm on the other
Coelomate (or eucoelomate) – a “true” body cavity, surrounded by mesoderm on both sides
docstoc.com
CoelomatesCoelom surrounded by mesodermal tissue
More complex organs can be formed
BilateraNon-molting protostomes
Phylum Platyhelminthes – flatworms
Phylum Annelida – segmented worms
Phylum Mollusca - mollusks
Phylum PlatyhelminthesBilateral
Acoelomate
Dorsoventrally flattened, but not segmented!
Incomplete digestive tract
Hermaphroditic
Organ-level organization
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda – fluke, small leaflike body, suckers present, all parasitic
Class Cestoda – tapeworm, long tape like body, has anterior scolex and many proglottids, all parasitic
Class Turbellaria – flat worms, soft flattened body, ciliated epidermis
Fig. 9-2 Class Cestodatapeworm
Fig. 9-4Class Turbellaria
Planarian
acoelomateas are allflatworms
Phylum AnnelidaSegmented, often separated by septa
Use coelom for hydrostatic skeleton
Closed circulatory system
Have excretory tubules – metanephridia
Have chitinous bristles – setae – used for sensing and for staying in ground when bird (or fisherman) tries to pull the out!
Phylum AnnelidaClass Polychaeta – many setae, parapodia on
each segment for locomotion, well-developed head, example clamworm
Class Oligochaeta – few setae, head is poorly developed, earthworm
Class Hirudinea – suckers present, no setae or parapodia, leeches
PhylumAnnelida
Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta -earthwormFig. 9-6
Phylum Mollusca
Molting ProtostomesMembers of this group molt – called ecdysis,
they do this in order to grow
2 Phlyum
Phlyum Nematoda – ‘thread like’
Phylum Arthropoda – ‘jointed foot’
Phylum Nematoda - roundworms
Molt – ecdysis
Pseudocoelomate
But do have complete digestive system
First example of sexual dimorphism
Dioecious – male smaller has hooked end, female larger
Have longitudinal muscles for movement
Many free living, but some parasites
Phylum Nematoda vinegar eel - Ascaris
Phylum Arthropoda
• “joint-foot” – jointed appendages
• segmented – often with some fusing and distinctive regions (details later); very distinct cephalization
• complete digestive system; coelomate
• exoskeleton containing chitin; used for protection, and for muscle attachments
• molting (ecdysis) – shedding of exoskeleton for growth; new exoskeleton later hardens
Phylum Arthropoda – arthropods
• diverse group & successful group
• over 1 million named species, most species of any phylum (in fact, 2/3 of ALL named species)
• Estimates as high as 30 million living species yet unnamed
• Most species (well over half) are insects
Phylum Arthropoda
• focus on both subphyla and classes for tests
• 4 subphyla, 6 selected classes to cover
• Subphylum Cheliceriformes
• Subphylum Myriapoda
• Subphylum Crustacea
• Subphylum Hexapoda
Phylum Arthropoda – arthropods
• body plan: cephalothorax and abdomen• on cephalothorax, starting at anterior end:
• paired chelicerae• paired pedipalps• 4 pairs of legs
• selected classes:• Merostomata – horseshoe crab• Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites,
ticks, etc.
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
• Body plan: head & multisegmented trunk
• on head:
• one pair of antennae
• paired mandibles
• Legs on trunk (either one or two per segment, depending on class)
• appendages are uniramous (unbranched)
• most have tracheal respiratory system
Subphylum Myriapoda
• two classes you need to know:
• Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chilopoda (centipedes)
Subphylum Myriapoda
• Diplopoda (millipedes)
• two pairs of legs per trunk segment
• Chilopoda (centipedes)
• one pair of legs per trunk segment
• venom claws on trunk segment nearest the head
Subphylum Myriapoda
• One class (also called Crustacea)
• barnacles, crayfish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc.
• on cephalothorax, starting at anterior end:
• two pairs of antennae (unique feature)
• paired mandibles (jaws)
• Most have 5 pairs of chelate appendages (pincher-like) – first pair usually used as pinchers, rest as legs
• abdomen often has appendages called swimmerets
Subphylum Crustacea
• appendages are biramous (two-branched; another unique feature)
Subphylum Crustacea
• Hexapoda – “six feet”
• One class to worry about: Insecta
• Body plan: head, thorax, and abdomen
• On head: one pair of antennae
• On head: paired mandibles
• On thorax: three pairs of legs
• On thorax: often two pairs of wings
• appendages are uniramous (unbranched)
• most have tracheal respiratory system
Subphylum Hexapoda
Find telson,
pedipalp, and
chelicerae
(#’s 5, 14, 15)
Know also that
Cephalothorax
is a fused head &
thorax
Don’t forget the
grasshopper has
A typanum (eardrum)
Look over other parts
DeuterostomesMouth forms from 2nd opening
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Chordata
Phylum EnchinodermataCoelomate, & unsegmented
Pentamerous radial symmetry!
Water vascular system
Dermal endoskeleton with spines
• Asteroidea (sea stars or starfish) – remember madreporite on aboral or opposite mouth side of starfish
• Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
• Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
• Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Echinodermata
• group unified by four traits present at some point in the life cycle for all members
• dorsal tubular (hollow) nerve cord
• notochord
• pharyngeal gill slits
• postanal tail
Phylum Chordata
• three subphyla
• Urochordata – tunicate or sea squirt
• Cephalochordata – lancelet or amphioxus
• Vertebrata – have a backbone; fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (classes listed later)
Phylum Chordata
• Subphylum Urochordata – tunicate or sea squirt
• sessile adult; cellulose tunic, holdfast, siphons, pharynx
Phylum Chordata
Subphylym Cephalochordata – lancelet or Amphioxus
note oral hood, fins, myotomes, dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharynx, pharyngeal gill slits, postanal tail
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata – 7 selected classes
• Agnatha – jawless fish
• Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fish (sharks, skates, and rays)
• Osteichthyes – bony fish with paired fins
• Amphibia – two pairs of legs; smooth skin (frogs, salamanders, etc.)
• Reptilia – two pairs of legs; scaly skin (lizards, snakes, alligators, etc.)
• Aves – feathers; paired wings and legs (birds)
• Mammalia – hair, mammary glands, two paired appendages
Class Agnatha – brook lamprey
• jawless
• single median dorsal &vcaudal fins (no paired lateral fins)
• 7 pairs of external gill slits
Class Chondrichthyes – shark
• scales (makes sandpapery skin),
• various fins (note especially those in pairs)
• claspers on pelvic fins of mature males
• cloacal opening
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Osteichthyes – yellow perch
• scales
• operculum over gills
• fins (note pairs)
• lateral lines (from operculum to caudal fin)
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Amphibia – leopard frog and salamander
• smooth skin (no scales)
• 4 legs
• tympanum on frog (eardrum)
• eyelids
Subphylum Vertebrata
Mammalia - Bones
Mammalia – Bone SlideSee the ‘targets’? That is a haversian system
Mammalia - cartilageCartilage slide – looks like spongy tissue,
chondrocytes make cartilage, sit in a space called lacunae
Biology.clc.uc.edu
Mammalia - musclesmuscles know models, see also Figs. 13-4,5,&6
be able to identify muscle tissue by slides also
Cardiac, one nucleus per cell, striations, thicker black lines are intercalated discs
iws.collin.edu
Mammalia - musclesmuscles know models
skeletal, multiple nuclei per cell, striations
harford.edu
Mammalia - musclesmuscles know models
smooth, one nucleus per cell, no striations
iws.collin.edu
Mammalia - musclesmuscles of the body, see exit activity for those
you should focus on
Mammalia - skinSkin slide – sweat gland circles like donuts,
sebaceous glands circles with dots, know skin layer
PancreasPancreas
Practice:
Blood flows to heart from superior and inferior vena cavas into right atrium thru tricuspid into right ventricle then pulmonary artery to lungs returns pulmonary vein to left atrium thru bicuspid into left ventricle then aorta, aortic arch and body
Chordae tendinae keep the valves from opening backwards – prevents backsplash
Right side, outer muscle is thinner
• learn the path of filtrate (follow along on Fig. 15-1)
• out at the glomerulus (1)
• into the surrounding tissues of Bowman’s capsule (2); material now called filtrate
• through the proximal convoluted tubule (3), loop of Henle (4 - going into the medulla), and distal convoluted tubule (5); water is pulled out, leaving concentrated urine
• urine leaves through the collecting duct (6)
Kidney Model
female rat male rat
Reproductive system
Excretory system
Testes and ovary slides
• Use rat pictures on canvas to study rat parts
• Use exit activities, go thru and identify what they tell you to
• Answer the questions given in exit activity,
• Remember this powerpoint won’t cover every thing that could possibly be on the exam, use your best judgement, & additional study materials, if you think you should know it you probably should
Good luck and have a good rest of the summer!