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BIODIVERSITY:CONCEPTS IN BIODIVERSITY:CONCEPTS IN BIODIVERSITY AND FACTORS BIODIVERSITY AND FACTORS
INFLUENCING AQUATIC INFLUENCING AQUATIC BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY
NAYANA.P and Jitendra Kumar
DEPT. OF FRM
COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
IntroductionIntroduction ► The word biodiversity comes from a contraction of The word biodiversity comes from a contraction of
biological diversity. biological diversity. ► It refers to the degree of variation of species on a certain It refers to the degree of variation of species on a certain
location. location. ► Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within
a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. ► Biomes are climatically and geographically defined as Biomes are climatically and geographically defined as
similar climatic conditions on the Earth, such as similar climatic conditions on the Earth, such as communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms , and communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms , and are often referred to as ecosystems.are often referred to as ecosystems.
► Biodiversity a sum of all the different species of animals, Biodiversity a sum of all the different species of animals, plants, fungi, and microbial organisms living on Earth plants, fungi, and microbial organisms living on Earth and the variety of habitats in which they live.and the variety of habitats in which they live.
DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS ►Biodiversity is the variability among living Biodiversity is the variability among living
organisms from all sources, including organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of within species, between species and of ecosystems.ecosystems.
►Biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, Biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region". and ecosystems of a region".
►In other words “variation of life at all levels of In other words “variation of life at all levels of biological organizationbiological organization..
BiodiversityBiodiversity ConceptsConcepts
►Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. ►Biodiversity is generally described at three Biodiversity is generally described at three
levels: genetic diversity, species diversity and levels: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. ecosystem diversity.
►All life forms that make up biodiversity, All life forms that make up biodiversity, including humans, are ultimately connected to including humans, are ultimately connected to all other life forms, and to their physical all other life forms, and to their physical environment.environment.
►No one living element of any ecosystem can No one living element of any ecosystem can survive independent of the others.survive independent of the others.
►Connections among living and non-living Connections among living and non-living elements keep the environment functioning elements keep the environment functioning and healthy. and healthy.
►Human impact on the environment, therefore, Human impact on the environment, therefore, directly or indirectly affects the function of directly or indirectly affects the function of other living things.other living things.
►Species diversitySpecies diversity►Ecosystem diversityEcosystem diversity►Genetic diversityGenetic diversity
TYPESTYPES OFOF BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY
SpeciesSpecies diversitydiversity
►Species diversity is the effective number of Species diversity is the effective number of different species that are represented in a different species that are represented in a collection of individuals. collection of individuals.
►This refers to the number of equally-abundant This refers to the number of equally-abundant species needed to obtain the same mean species needed to obtain the same mean proportional species abundanceproportional species abundance
►Species diversity consists of two components, Species diversity consists of two components, species richness and species evenness. species richness and species evenness.
►Species richness is a simple count of species.Species richness is a simple count of species.►species evenness quantifies how equal the species evenness quantifies how equal the
abundances of the species abundances of the species [email protected]
Ecosystem diversityEcosystem diversity
► It refers to the diversity of a place at the level of It refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems.ecosystems.
► which refers to variation in species rather than which refers to variation in species rather than ecosystems. ecosystems.
► Ecosystem diversity can also refer to the variety of Ecosystem diversity can also refer to the variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the variety of species and ecological processes. species and ecological processes.
►Some examples of ecosystems that are Some examples of ecosystems that are rich in diversity are rich in diversity are
DesertsDeserts ForestsForests Large marine ecosystemsLarge marine ecosystems Marine ecosystemsMarine ecosystems Old growth forestsOld growth forests RainforestsRainforests TundraTundra Coral Reefs Coral Reefs
Genetic diversityGenetic diversity► Genetic diversity refers to the total number of genetic Genetic diversity refers to the total number of genetic
characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.► It is distinguished from genetic variability, which It is distinguished from genetic variability, which
describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary.vary.
► Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments. Those individuals adapt to changing environments. Those individuals are more likely to survive to produce offspring are more likely to survive to produce offspring bearing that allele.bearing that allele.
► The population will continue for more generations The population will continue for more generations because of the success of these individuals.because of the success of these individuals.
BIODIVERSITY AND ITS BIODIVERSITY AND ITS LIMITSLIMITS
► Physical environments, even healthy ones, can Physical environments, even healthy ones, can support just so many of any species, including support just so many of any species, including people, indefinitely.people, indefinitely.
► The carrying capacity for any species changes as the The carrying capacity for any species changes as the numbers and actions of other life forms and numbers and actions of other life forms and environmental conditions. environmental conditions.
► Species can cause changes in environmental Species can cause changes in environmental conditions, and vice versa. conditions, and vice versa.
► Another way to express limits and carrying capacity Another way to express limits and carrying capacity is through the term ecological footprint.is through the term ecological footprint.
► An ecological footprint is the amount of productive An ecological footprint is the amount of productive land and water required to maintain the current land and water required to maintain the current lifestyle of a particular individual. lifestyle of a particular individual. [email protected]
BIODIVERSITY AND ITS BIODIVERSITY AND ITS VALUEVALUE
► Biodiversity has evolutionary, ecological, economic, Biodiversity has evolutionary, ecological, economic, social, cultural, and intrinsic values. social, cultural, and intrinsic values.
► Biologically diverse ecosystems offer a variety of Biologically diverse ecosystems offer a variety of natural products, including medical ingredients that natural products, including medical ingredients that enhance human health and standard of living.enhance human health and standard of living.
► Biodiversity provides ecosystem services: water Biodiversity provides ecosystem services: water purification; clean air, fertile soil, climate regulation, purification; clean air, fertile soil, climate regulation, flood control, as well as pest regulation and disease flood control, as well as pest regulation and disease resistance.resistance.
►Sustaining biodiversity has economic benefits: Sustaining biodiversity has economic benefits: world ecosystem world ecosystem
►Biological diversity is key to long term Biological diversity is key to long term ecosystem sustainability.ecosystem sustainability.
►Biodiversity is key in sustaining the natural Biodiversity is key in sustaining the natural beauty of National and Provincial Parks beauty of National and Provincial Parks
BIODIVERSITY IS IN TROUBLEBIODIVERSITY IS IN TROUBLE
►There is growing scientific concern about the There is growing scientific concern about the major, rapid decline in biodiversity around the major, rapid decline in biodiversity around the world. world.
►The extinction of each additional species and the The extinction of each additional species and the loss of variation within species brings the loss of variation within species brings the irreversible loss of unique genetic diversity. irreversible loss of unique genetic diversity.
►The scientific community has linked human The scientific community has linked human activity to the accelerated rate of recent and activity to the accelerated rate of recent and current extinctions. current extinctions.
Biodiversity is decliningBiodiversity is declining► Habitat loss Habitat loss ► Invasive species Invasive species ► Pollution Pollution ► Population Growth Population Growth ► Over-consumption (Unsustainable use) Over-consumption (Unsustainable use) ► Climate change Climate change ► wetlands is seen as eroding the protection of our wetlands is seen as eroding the protection of our
drinking water and leading to further species losses.drinking water and leading to further species losses.► climate change is significantly affecting some climate change is significantly affecting some
northern Ontario northern Ontario ► species. species. ► Increase of at risk species. Increase of at risk species.
►Human impacts on biodiversity have been Human impacts on biodiversity have been accelerating as population growth and accelerating as population growth and consumption rates have increased. consumption rates have increased.
► industrial actions that may lead to loss of industrial actions that may lead to loss of biodiversity. biodiversity.
►The same principle discussed above for The same principle discussed above for industry applies also to agriculture. The industry applies also to agriculture. The consumer wants cheap fresh food. The farmer consumer wants cheap fresh food. The farmer delivers. delivers.
►Loss of species may mean loss of important Loss of species may mean loss of important but as yet unknown resources for humans.but as yet unknown resources for humans.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY
► Loss of habitat due to climate change is the leading Loss of habitat due to climate change is the leading threat to global biodiversity threat to global biodiversity
► Ecosystems fluctuate around a state of equilibrium. Ecosystems fluctuate around a state of equilibrium. In the long run, however, ecosystems and their In the long run, however, ecosystems and their components always change when climate changes components always change when climate changes
► Climate change degrades biodiversity Climate change degrades biodiversity ► Stable, biodiverse environments are more capable of Stable, biodiverse environments are more capable of
adapting to climatic shifts. adapting to climatic shifts. ► Stable, biodiverse environments are more capable of Stable, biodiverse environments are more capable of
mitigating the production of GHC’s and thus climate mitigating the production of GHC’s and thus climate change. change.
►Reduction in sources of climate change Reduction in sources of climate change (excessive fossil fuel use, etc.) will help (excessive fossil fuel use, etc.) will help conserve biodiversity. conserve biodiversity.
► Enhancement/conservation of biodiversity Enhancement/conservation of biodiversity (forest conservation, reduced chemical (forest conservation, reduced chemical pollution and other factors not directly related pollution and other factors not directly related to climate change) will minimize impacts of to climate change) will minimize impacts of climate change. climate change.
► Temperature increase makes certain Temperature increase makes certain environments uninhabitable to previously environments uninhabitable to previously indigenous species. indigenous species.
Aquatic biodiversityAquatic biodiversity►It can be defined as the variety of life and the It can be defined as the variety of life and the
ecosystems that make up the freshwater, tidal, ecosystems that make up the freshwater, tidal, and marine regions of the world and their and marine regions of the world and their interactions. interactions.
►It encompasses freshwater ecosystems,. It encompasses freshwater ecosystems,. ►It also consists of marine ecosystems, It also consists of marine ecosystems, ►Aquatic biodiversity includes all unique Aquatic biodiversity includes all unique
species, their habitats and interaction between species, their habitats and interaction between them. them.
Importance of Aquatic Importance of Aquatic BiodiversityBiodiversity
►Aquatic biodiversity has enormous economic Aquatic biodiversity has enormous economic and aesthetic value and supporting overall and aesthetic value and supporting overall environmental health.environmental health.
►Humans have long depended on aquatic Humans have long depended on aquatic resources for food, medicines, and materials as resources for food, medicines, and materials as well as for recreational and commercial well as for recreational and commercial purposes such as fishing and tourism. purposes such as fishing and tourism.
►Aquatic organisms also rely upon the great Aquatic organisms also rely upon the great diversity of aquatic habitats and resources for diversity of aquatic habitats and resources for food, materials, and breeding grounds food, materials, and breeding grounds
►Factors including overexploitation of species, Factors including overexploitation of species, pollution , urbanization and industralization.pollution , urbanization and industralization.
►valuable aquatic resources are becoming valuable aquatic resources are becoming increasingly susceptible to both natural and increasingly susceptible to both natural and artificial environmental changes.artificial environmental changes.
►Thus, conservation strategies to protect and Thus, conservation strategies to protect and conserve aquatic life are necessary to maintain conserve aquatic life are necessary to maintain the balance of nature and resources for future the balance of nature and resources for future generations.generations.
Threats to Aquatic Threats to Aquatic BiodiversityBiodiversity
► Human activities are causing species to disappear at an Human activities are causing species to disappear at an alarming rate.alarming rate.
► Losses of this magnitude impact the entire ecosystem, Losses of this magnitude impact the entire ecosystem, depriving valuable resources used to provide food, depriving valuable resources used to provide food, medicines, and industrial materials to human beings. medicines, and industrial materials to human beings.
► Runoff from agricultural and urban areas, the invasion Runoff from agricultural and urban areas, the invasion of exotic species, and the creation of dams and water of exotic species, and the creation of dams and water diversion have been identified as the greatest challenges diversion have been identified as the greatest challenges to freshwater environments to freshwater environments
►Overexploitation of aquatic organisms for Overexploitation of aquatic organisms for various purposes is the greatest threat to various purposes is the greatest threat to marine environments .marine environments .
►Urban development and resource-based Urban development and resource-based industries, such as mining and forestry that industries, such as mining and forestry that destroy or reduce natural habitats .destroy or reduce natural habitats .
►Air and water pollution, sedimentation and Air and water pollution, sedimentation and erosion, and climate change also pose threats erosion, and climate change also pose threats to aquatic biodiversity.to aquatic biodiversity.
ReferencesReferences
► Hendrik S. and K. Martens (2005). Aquatic Hendrik S. and K. Martens (2005). Aquatic Biodiversity: v. 2: The Diversity of Aquatic Biodiversity: v. 2: The Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystems (Developments in Ecosystems (Developments in Hydrobiology). Springer Publi.Hydrobiology). Springer Publi.
► Kumar, U. and Asija, M. J. (2009). Biodiversity: Kumar, U. and Asija, M. J. (2009). Biodiversity: Principle and Conservation. Agrobios (India)Principle and Conservation. Agrobios (India)
► Ormond, Rupert F. G., John D. Gage, and Martin Ormond, Rupert F. G., John D. Gage, and Martin V. A. (Editors), 1997. Marine Biodiversity: Patterns V. A. (Editors), 1997. Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes ,Cambridge University Press, New and Processes ,Cambridge University Press, New York.York.
