1. AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS & SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE PRESENTED
BY: CHRISTY ABRAHAM JOY [email protected]
2. Introduction Simplify and integrate concepts across articial
intelligence, mainstream computing and human perception and
cognition, with information compression as a unifying theme Aim of
The SP theory of intelligence SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
27/19/2015
3. SP Theory of Intelligence Product of an extensive program of
development and testing via the SP computer model. Knowledge
represented with arrays of atomic symbols in one or two dimensions
called patterns. Processing are done by compressing information.
Via the matching and unification of patterns. Via the building of
multiple alignments . SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 37/19/2015
4. Benefits of the SP Theory Conceptual simplicity combined
with descriptive and explanatory power across several aspects of
intelligence. Simplification of computing systems, including
software. Deeper insights and better solutions in several areas of
application. Seamless integration of structures and functions
within and between different areas of application 4SP THEORY OF
INTELLIGENCE7/19/2015
5. The SP Theory and the SP Machine: A Summary All kinds of
knowledge are represented with patterns: arrays of atomic symbols
in one or two dimensions. At the heart of the system is compression
of information via the matching and unication (merging) of
patterns, and the building of multiple alignments The system learns
by compressing New patterns to create Old patterns SP THEORY OF
INTELLIGENCE 57/19/2015
6. Multiple Alignment The system aims to find multiple
alignments that enable a New pattern to be encoded economically in
terms of one or more Old patterns Multiple alignment provides the
key to: 1. Versatility in representing different kinds of
knowledge. 2. Versatility in different kinds of processing in AI
and mainstream computing. 6SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE7/19/2015
7. The Best Multiple Alignment SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 7 The
best multiple alignment created by the SP computer model with a
store of Old patterns like those in rows 1 to 8 (representing
grammatical structures, including words) and a New pattern
(representing a sentence to be parsed) shown in row 0.
7/19/2015
8. Schematic representation of the proposed SP Machine SP
THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 87/19/2015
9. Simplication of Computing Systems Apart from the
simplication and integration of concepts in articial intelligence,
mainstream computing, and human perception and cognition, the SP
theory can help to simplify computing systems, including software.
SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 97/19/2015
10. 10 Schematic representations of a conventional computer and
an SP machine SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE7/19/2015
11. Benefits of Overall Simplication of Computing Systems
Savings in development effort and associated costs. With more
intelligence in the CPU there should be less need for it to be
encoded in applications. Savings in development time. With a
reduced need for hand crafting, applications may be developed more
quickly. Savings in storage costs. There may be useful economies in
the storage space required for application code. 117/19/2015 SP
THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
12. Towards HUMAN-LIKE VERSATILITY In Intelligence Versatility
in intelligence - a major strength of the SP system-flows from the
goal that has been central in the development of the theory: to
combine conceptual simplicity with descriptive and explanatory
power. This strength of the SP system chimes well with what is
required in any autonomous robot that is to function effectively in
situations where little or no help can be provided by people. SP
THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 127/19/2015
13. Towards HUMAN-LIKE VERSATILITY In Intelligence A.
SIMPLIFICATION AND INTEGRATION B. NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING C.
PATTERN RECOGNITION D. INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL E. VISION
F. REASONING G. PLANNING AND PROBLEM SOLVING H. SEQUENTIAL AND
PARALLEL PROCEDURES SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 137/19/2015
14. SIMPLIFICATION AND INTEGRATION 1. SIMPLIFICATION OF
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The adoption of one simple format - SP
patterns - for the representation of all kinds of knowledge. One
computational framework, with multiple alignment center-stage, for
all kinds of processing. 2. INTEGRATION OF STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Syntax and Semantics Recognition and Learning Knowledge
Representation and Learning Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
3. DEEPER INSIGHTS AND BETTER SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS Relatively new
insights are the ways in which computational effciency may be
improved, with corresponding savings in the use of energy SP THEORY
OF INTELLIGENCE 147/19/2015
15. NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING 1. PARSING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE
2. PRODUCTION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE 3. THE INTEGRATION OF SYNTAX AND
SEMANTICS 4. PARALLEL STREAMS OF INFORMATION Vowel sounds, for
example, may be analyzed into formants, two or more of which may
occur simultaneously. Vowels, and perhaps other elements of speech,
may be represented most naturally with parallel streams of
information It does not seem right that the syntactic and semantic
aspects of natural language should be forced into the procrustean
bed of a single sequence. As with formants in speech, it seems most
natural to regard syntax and semantics as parallel streams of
information. SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 157/19/2015
16. PATTERN RECOGNITION & INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 16 PATTERN RECOGNITION It can recognize
patterns at multiple levels of abstraction, with the integration of
class-inclusion relations and part-whole relations. It can model
``family resemblance'' or polythetic categories, meaning that
recognition does not depend on the presence absence of any
particular feature or combination of features. Recognition is
robust in the face of errors of omission, commission or
substitution in the New pattern or patterns. INFORMATION STORAGE
AND RETRIEVAL The system lends itself to information retrieval in
the manner of query-by-example. There is also potential for
information retrieval via the use of natural language or query
languages such as SQL. The system supports object-oriented concepts
such as class hierarchies and inheritance of attributes, and it
provides for the representation of part-whole hierarchies and their
seamless integration with class hierarchies. 7/19/2015
17. VISION The main strengths and potential of the SP system
are: Low level perceptual features such as edges or corners may be
identified via the multiple alignment framework by the extraction
of redundancy in uniform areas in the manner of the run-length
encoding technique for information compression The system may be
applied in the recognition of objects and in scene analysis, with
the same strengths as in pattern recognition There is potential for
the learning of visual entities and classes of entity and the
piecing together of coherent concepts from fragments There is
potential, via multiple alignment, for the creation of 3D models of
objects and of a robot's surroundings. 17SP THEORY OF
INTELLIGENCE7/19/2015
18. REASONING The SP system lends itself to several kinds of
reasoning: One-step `deductive' reasoning. Abductive reasoning.
Reasoning with probabilistic decision networks and decision trees.
Non-monotonic reasoning and reasoning with default values.
Reasoning in Bayesian networks, including ``explaining away''.
Reasoning which is not supported by evidence. Inheritance of
attributes in an object-oriented class hierarchy or. 18SP THEORY OF
INTELLIGENCE7/19/2015
19. TOWARDS HUMAN-LIKE ADAPTABILITY IN INTELLIGENCE As with
versatility in intelligence, the current generation of robots falls
far short of human-like adaptability in intelligence. A.
PRELIMINARIES B. UNSUPERVISED LEARNING IN THE SP SYSTEM C.
ONE-TRIAL LEARNING D. LEARNING LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE E. LEARNING TO
SEE F. HOW A ROBOT MAY BUILD 3D MODELS OF OBJECTS, OF ITSELF, AND
OF ITS ENVIRONMENT G. INTERACTIONS AND OTHER REGULARITIES H.
EXPLORATION, PLAY, AND THE LEARNING OF MINOR SKILLS I. LEARNING A
MAJOR SKILL VIA PRACTICE & DEMONSTRATION J. CUTTING THE COST OF
LEARNING SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 197/19/2015
20. UNSUPERVISED LEARNING IN THE SP SYSTEM In broad terms, the
SP70 model processes a set of New patterns (which may be referred
to as I ) in two main phases: 1) Create a set of Old patterns that
may be used to encode I. 2) From the Old patterns created in the
first phase, compile one or more alternative grammars for the
patterns in New, in accordance with principles of minimum length
encoding The two phases are described in a little more detail in
the following to subsections. CREATING CANDIDATE PATTERNS COMPILING
ALTERNATIVE GRAMMARS SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 207/19/2015
21. CREATING CANDIDATE PATTERNS Here, the pattern shown in row
1 is an analogue of something that a child has heard (`t h a t b o
y r u n s') with the addition of code symbols ` < %9 > <
%8 > > that records the whole sequence. The overall result in
this example is the set of patterns. This is essentially a simple
grammar for sequences of the form `t h a t g i r l r u n s and `t h
a t b o y r u n s'. Patterns derived from the multiple alignment SP
THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE7/19/2015
23. HOW A ROBOT MAY BUILD 3D MODELS OF OBJECTS,OF ITSELF, AND
OF ITS ENVIRONMENT the multiple alignment framework may be applied
in creating models of objects (including robots), and of a robot's
environment The basic idea is that partially-overlapping images
(from the robot's eyes) may be stitched together to create a
coherent whole, in much the same way that partially-overlapping
digital photographs may be stitched together to create a panorama.
SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 23 Plan view of a 3D object, with each of
the five lines around it representing a view of the object, as seen
from the side 7/19/2015
24. INTERACTIONS AND OTHER REGULARITIES This difference between
learning from a one-dimensional stream of information and learning
from parallel streams of information may be accommodated with three
refinements of the SP70 model: Represent Parallel Streams of
Information With 2D Patterns Generalize the Sequence Alignment
Process to the Matching of 2D Patterns Generalize the Process for
Building Multiple Alignments to Accommodate 2D Patterns SP THEORY
OF INTELLIGENCE 24 A multiple alignment produced by the SP computer
model showing how two instances of the pattern `I N F O R M A T I O
N' may be detected despite the interpolation of non-matching
symbols throughout both instances. 7/19/2015
25. Deeper Insights and Better Solutions in Several Areas of
Application 1. Applications in the Processing of Natural Language
Towards the Understanding and Translation of Natural Language
Natural Language and Information Retrieval Interactive Services
Going Beyond FAQs 2. Towards a Versatile Intelligence for
Autonomous Robots Potential for the kind of visual analysis needed
to assimilate the many congurations of balls, pockets, and cue The
versatility of the SP framework in the representation and
processing of diverse kinds of knowledge should facilitate the
seamless integration of visual information about the table, balls,
and so on, with information about actions by the player and
feedback from muscles and from touch. SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
257/19/2015
26. Deeper Insights and Better Solutions in Several Areas of
Application 3. Computer Vision It has potential to simplify and
integrate several areas in computer vision, including feature
detection and alignment, segmentation, deriving structure from
motion, stitching of images together, stereo correspondence, scene
analysis, and object recognition 4. A Versatile Model for
Intelligent Databases The system would provide a means of storing
and managing the data that are gathered in such investigations,
often in large amounts. It may help in the recognition of features
or combinations of features that link a given crime to other
crimes, either current or pastand likewise for suspects. The
systems capabilities in pattern recognition may also serve in the
scanning of data to recognize indicators of criminal activity. SP
THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 267/19/2015
27. Deeper Insights and Better Solutions in Several Areas of
Application 5. Software Engineering Procedural Programming,
Automatic Programming, No Compiling or Interpretation Sequential
and Parallel Processing 6. Information Compression 7. Medical
Diagnosis 8. Managing Big Data and Gaining Value from It 9. Other
Areas of Application Knowledge, Reasoning, and the Semantic Web
Bioinformatics Detection of Computer Viruses Data Fusion
Development of Scientic Theories & New Kinds of Computes SP
THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 277/19/2015
28. Conclusion The SP theory of intelligence and its
realization in the SP machine may facilitate the development of
autonomous robots: by increasing the computational efficiency of
computers; by facilitating the development of human-like
versatility in intelligence; and likewise for human-like
adaptability in intelligence. The SP system has potential for
substantial gains in computational efficiency, with corresponding
cuts in energy consumption and in the bulkiness of computing
machinery: by reducing the size of data Autonomous robots will
require a non-von revolution - perhaps along the lines of SP-neural
- there is plenty that can be done via modelling with
von-Neumann-style supercomputers to explore the potential of new
architectures. SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 287/19/2015
29. References Ames Gerard Wolff, Autonomous Robots and the SP
Theory of Intelligence, IEEE Access/January 21, 2015 Wolff, J.G.
The SP theory of intelligence: An overview. Information 2013, 4,
283341 SP THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 297/19/2015
