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Architecting Platforms for
innovation
@pramodkvarma
2
Product 1
Raw Material 1 Product 2
Raw Material 2
Container
Shipping Containers in
mid 1900s
Rail
Truck
Ship Air
� Allows innovation on all sides� Amplifies impact of ecosystem
players
Suppliers
Transportation Networks
3
Web Audio / Video
Telephony
AppsCloud
TCP/IP
TCP/IP Packet Switching &
Layered Internet Architecture
LAN
WIFI
Switches / Routers Satellite
WAN
� Allows layering of innovation on both sides
Applications / protocols
Network Technologies
4
125 Years of Telecom
Graham Bell to Now
5
Architecture Patterns
● Minimal
● Standardized
● Unbundled
● Generalized
● Layerable
● Ecosystem Driven
6
Architecture Patterns
TCP/IP GPS
Internet Smartphone
Maps Payment
● Minimal
● Standardized
● Unbundled
● Generalized
● Layerable
● Ecosystem Driven
IDENTITY as an innovation platform
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Today identity is embedded within vertical solutions and often conflated with entitlement
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Name DoB/Age Gender Address Mobile/Email
1234 5678 9012
UniqueLifetime
Minimal, Standardized, Unbundled, Generalized, Layerable via APIs, Ecosystem Driven, Data Driven
Source: http://www.uidai.gov.in
1 Billion in 5½ Years
Source: http://www.uidai.gov.in 10
950 M
600 M
300 M
100 M
50 M
1085 M
A Ubiquitous Digital Identity Infrastructure for a digital desh.
The Aadhaar system can
authenticate 100 M transactions per day, in real time!
11
UIDAI
Registrars
Enrolment Agencies
OperatorsTraining Agencies
Certification Agency
Device providers
Printers
Contact Centers
200 people
6 Offices
2 Data centers
85 Registrars
20 Biometric Device Providers
410 Enrolment Agencies
40000 Stations
200,000 Operators
7500 cr Cost so far
30,000 cr Savings so far
Source: Rough data obtained from papers and conversations with UIDAI
12
Aadhaar is like GPS It's minimal and zero-knowledge system
All it does is confirm identity
All the innovations happen outside!
13
ANY BANK ACCOUNTNPCI
Aadhaar Payment
Bridge
380 Million
Mobility
Send money to
an Aadhaar Number
Aadhaar based banking using biometric auth
On-us and off-us transactions across banks
RBI approved Aadhaar enabled Micro-ATM specSource: http://www.npci.org.in
Smartphones with integrated Aadhaar compliant Iris recognition available for
commercial use!
Biometric smart phones enable 1-click 2-factor authentication14
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Aadhaar Hourglass Architecture
� Identity as a utility, an enabler� Allows innovation on all sides� Amplifies ecosystem players� Network effects
Biometric Sensors
Phones Tablets
Attendance Device
Micro ATM
Healthcare Apps
SIMFinance
Apps
UPIDigital Locker
APB AEPSDBT
eSign
Aadhaar
Applications / Systems
Devices
PAYMENT as an innovation platform
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Today payment systems are siloed and non-interoperable making usage costly and complex
Validation & Assurance
Virtual Payment Address
Minimal Issuer/Acquirer Cost
Ubiquitous - Bank accounts
Easy Immediate Payments
Timely Notification
Features
Push & Pull Payments
@Every one with a bank account can send money to any bank account in India!
Real-time postingFunds are not locked!
Immediate notifications of the payment made
Payments can be initiated by payer or payee.
Real-time validation of the account and balance
No need to disclose account information.Allows account portability, enhances privacy.
Smartphone replaces card and PoS machine!!
18Source: http://www.npci.org.in
Payment Markup Language
A structured markup having a unified representation of payment instruction
● Amount and transaction context (which utility bill or which interest payment or which insurance premium or which SIP, etc.)
● Financial address (Mobile, Aadhaar, bank account, card, virtual address, etc.)
● Pluggable authentication (mobile, PIN, biometric, digital signature, etc.)
● Transaction context (truck passing the toll gate, invoice being raised, utility bill being raised etc., or by a rule/mandate – SIP, EMI etc.)
● Method (push/PAY or pull/COLLECT)
● Channel (Smartphone over data, feature phone over USSD, phone over IVR)
19Source: http://www.npci.org.in
● Open interoperable API ● 1-click 2-FA experience● 4-party model allowing unbundling of application from bank● Virtual Payment Addresses hide bank details and allows features like one time
VPA, amount limited VPA, revocation, etc.● Merchant can use smartphone/featurephone to eliminate PoS● e-Mandate, e-Cheque and biometric authentication are coming on UPI 2.0● Markup allowing pluggability for addresses, credentials, and channels
State of the Art architecture
20Source: http://www.npci.org.in
INDIA STACK Open APIs as Public Infrastructure
21
PRESENCE-LESS LAYER Aadhaar AuthenticationUnique digital biometric identity
with open access of nearly a Billion users
CONSENT LAYER Open Personal Data StoreProvides a modern privacy data
sharing framework
PAPERLESS LAYERAadhaar e-KYC,
E-sign, Digital LockerRapidly growing base of paperless systems with billions of artifacts
CASHLESS LAYER IMPS, AEPS, APB, and UPIGame changing electronic payment systems and transition to cashless
economy
COMMERCE(GSTn)
CREDIT(RBI)
INVESTMENTS(SEBI)
OTHERS
I N D
I A
S
T A
C K
SKILLS
JAM Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile 22
Source: UIDAI, NPCI, TRAI Website, Conversations with NPCI, eMudhra, Deity officials
3 BnAuthentications of 500M unique ids
1.1 BnEnrolments In 6 years since launch
340 MneKYC in 3 years75 Mn unique ids
380 MnAPB Accounts Linked1.2 B Transactions worth 4.5 B USD in 3 years
>2.5 Mne-Sign in 15 months>0.8 Mn unique ids
2.9 MnDigilocker users & 15 months
4.8 MnUploaded Docs
10M+UPI VPA in Just in 4 Months~1000 cr per month!
252 MnJan Dhan bank accounts
350 MnSmartphones
1060 MnPhone numbers
Jan Dhan Aadhaar Mobile
23
Source: UIDAI Website, Conversations with NPCI, eMudhra, Deity officials
India Stack Ecosystem
25 ASA 293 AUAAadhaar Authentication
23 KSA 216 KUAAadhaar eKYC
4 eSign ESPs
1 Digital Locker Provider20 Issuers, 500 million docs
830 Banks (APB)
127 Banks (AEPS)
26 Banks (UPI)
24
Bharat Bill Payment System
API based platform allowing innovation on delivery models
Ecosystem incentives aligned for rapid adoption
Multi-channel (web, mobile, offline, etc) with multi payment methods (card, cash, UPI, etc)
Unbundling bills, access, payments and rebundling for any-to-any
Bills can go into Digital Locker which can then be shared with consent for a use (e.g. loan)
~1 BillionBills per month
~250 Billion INR
monthly payments
25Source: Public data and NPCI website
Electronic Toll Collection
Interoperable RFID tag and API specifications
Works across 350+ toll booths on national highways
All vehicle classes, ~60 Million, supported
4 Large banks ready to be issuers and acquirers
Built as an Open API platform. In future, can be used for dynamic pricing, congestion pricing, parking apps, etc.
It can also be used to auto link transport manifests for ease cross border movements.
26Source: NPCI website and discussions with NPCI
GSTN Platform
Goods & Services Tax Network (GSTN)
API based platform
GSPs can provide basic and value-added services to taxpayers
27
GSTN will process
5 Billion invoices a month
across 70+ Lakhs businesses!
Source: GSTN website
28
Disruptive innovation comes from
unbundling, layering, and rebundling!
29
Thank You!
@pramodkvarma