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BREAKING THE CHAIN

A Talk onWater Management

in Aquaculture

by

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AQUACULUTRE

The most important raw material in shrimp farming

WATER

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WATER Not all water is the same

Water contains a completely independent ecological structure

The organisms in water have survived and adapted over millions of years

To use water effectively you first have to understand it

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WATER QUALITY

Greater the stocking rate, more problems there will be in maintaining water quality

If you introduce a complete water management program, do not calculate the cost of maintaining water quality – calculate the additional profits

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POND CONSTRUCTION

Pumping system

Storage Reservation

Inlet and outlet gates

Pond liners

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HOW MUCH WATERIS AVAILABLE?

Without adequate availability of good quality water, you will not succeed

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SHRIMPPRODUCTION

Shrimp production is a key factor in Asian’s economy

Potential exists for further expansion

Much production has been achieved at a cost to the environment

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FUTURE EXPANSIONThis must come from

Utilization of existing farms

Rehabilitating empty farms

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QUALITY CONTROL

Good quality – disease free stock

Quality disease free food

Vermin control

Biosecurity measures

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BIOSECURITY CONTROL

Restricted entry people/vehicles

Clean equipment

Clean boots/clothes

Clean hands

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BIOSECURITY CONTROL

Disease free water

Ammonia free

Controlled algae

Limited sedimentation

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DISINFECTANTS SHOULD

Control relevant disease organisms

Be non-toxic

Not be combined with other components to form toxic by-products

Be effective in all conditions

Be effective al low concentrations

Be effective with short contact time

Not allow development of resistant strains

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DISEASE ORGANISMS

Bacterial

Viral

Fungal

Protozoal

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DISINFECTANTS

Not all disinfectants are effective against all pathogens

If pathogens are not completely destroyed then resistant strains will develop

Some products which are effective against gram negative bacteria will be less effective or ineffective against gram positive bacteria

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EXAMPLES OF COMMONLY USED DISINFECTANTS

Quaternary

Formalin

Iodine

Chlorine Types

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QUATERNARY

Effective against gram positive

Only moderately effective against gram negative

Limited effectiveness against virtues and fungi

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IODINE Acts by reaction with nucleic acid of acid

contents Good disinfectants in pH range 2-4 Effectiveness reduced in presence of

organic material Effective against fungi, but only some

viruses

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FORMALIN High dose required

Short active life Suffers from rapid development

of resistant strains

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CHLORINE Extensively used

Cheap to buy Very High dose rates Many environmental problems Chlorine requires acidic conditions –

pH 4-7 Combines with organic materials to

form carcinogenic by-products Combines rapidly with ammonia (10:1)

to form toxic by-products

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSASSOCIATED WITH CHLORINE

USE• Use frowned upon because of formation of

carcinogenic by-products

• Compounds such as chlorinated phenols are more toxic than the original phenol

• Chlorinated by-products are difficult to break up

• By-product levels will continue to build up in recirculation water

• Very low levels of chlorine or chlorinated by-products are toxic to shrimps

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GOOD DISINFECTANTS

Destroy all pathogens so resistant strains do not emerge

Will be effective at low concentrations and act in a short contact time

Are non-toxic

By-products will react in a wide variety of conditions

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SUITABLE BIOCIDES Biocides which will suit requirements

are powerful oxidizing agents

Destroy pathogens by reaction with nucleic acid

Low dose rate short contact time

Non-toxic and do not produce toxic by-products

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Initial by-product had high toxicity threshold for shrimps

Ultimately product breaks down to salt

Can be used in either activated or stabilized from

Low dose rate for cost effective use

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APPLICATIONS OF BIOCIEDS

To be effective, biocides need to be evenly distributed throughout the pond

If concentrated disinfectants are poured into ponds from 5 liter drums you can destroy the balance of the pond

You may also kill some shrimp by overdosing or causing a sudden change in pH

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BIOCIEDS

Biocides can only be effective when they come into contact

with the pathogens

If they meet up with other organisms they will be

exhausted before they can attack their No.1 target

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BIOLOGICALS

Controls Ammonium and Hydrogen Sulphide

Breakdown organic materials and reduce pond wastes

Control algae growth

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BIOLOGICALS ARESUSEPTABLE TO:

Disinfectants (biocides)

Varying conditions (pH + acid)

Salinity levels

Not all biological products are identical

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AMMONIA

Ammonia can be more lethal than disease to shrimps

If the disinfectants used destroy the ammonia controlling biologicals, you may do more damage than good

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BIOLOGICALS HAVE TWO FUNCTIONS:

Break down organic matter at the bottom of the pond – (faecal matter – unused feed – shrimp carcasses)

Control surface algae

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BIO SOLUTIONS

One blend to work deep down in the pond

Recently introduced surface mats which will absorb and digest algae

These mats can be added or removed according to need

BEST RESULTS ARE ACHIEVED BY USING PRODUCTS FOR A SPECIAL PURPOSE:

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EFFECTIVE BIOLOGOCAL CONTROL:Eliminates

ammonia and H2s

Reduces waste products at bottom of pond making clean out easier

Controls algae and improves water cleaning

TOP-UP WATER

Best pond management will be destroyed if top-up water is contaminated. Water from storage

biological population

Untreated natural (swamp) water may introduce totally new viruses or bacteria

Clean and disinfect water before adding to pond

Treatment of water prior to use in ponds critically important

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WATER MANAGEMENT

WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR FRESH NATURAL WATER AND

RECYCLED WATER? Cleaning to remove sediment

and algae residue

Disinfections – possibly now – chemicals

Balancing, if required (salinity and pH etc.)

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WATER RECYCLINGTHERE ARE MANY SYSTEMS USED TO RECYCLE WATER:

Most have high capital cost involving skilled labor of fixed equipment

WHAT’S NEEDED IS:A relatively low cost, easy to operate, transportable equipment

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TRIOZON fTo develop new methods to clean water in:

Aquaculture

Domestic grey water

Industrial effluents

Pharma / Food process CIP

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SUMMARYPOND MANAGEMET IS A COMBINATION OF :

Good design

Reliable equipment

A comprehensive “package” approach to use of disinfectants and biologicals

Good water treatment practice

Preparation of the pond before stocking

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SUMMARY

DO NOT ASK THE QUESTION

“How much does it cost?”

ASK THE QUESTION

“How much extra profit can we make?”

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REMEMBER! You are producing a product for the

World market

You must take note of World environmental issues

There is great concern about the use of antibiotics and carcinogen chemicals as chlorine

If you ignore these issues you will destroy your industry

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COMMON SENSE

Farmers growing potatoes of rice have to understand their soil, their seed and their fertilizer.

Pig or poultry farmers must know about their stock, their feed and stock management.

Shrimp farmers must understand water, pond construction and disease control.

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FOOD FOR THOUGHT

“Have I really had many years of experience

Or have I just one year experience, many times”

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TRIOZON f

Thank you: