INTEGRATED PEST INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN APPLE MANAGEMENT IN APPLE

CROPCROP

ByBy Anju BaseraI.D. 31719

APPLEAPPLE A temperate fruit.A temperate fruit. Accounts for 10 per cent of total fruit production Accounts for 10 per cent of total fruit production

of country.of country. India is the 9th largest producer.India is the 9th largest producer. Washington states 1st in world.Washington states 1st in world. India produces about 1.3 million tonnes annually.India produces about 1.3 million tonnes annually.

58% : Jammu and Kashmir29% : Himachal Pradesh12% : Uttarakhand1% : Arunachal Pradesh

10 to 30 per cent loss due to pest.10 to 30 per cent loss due to pest. 120 insect pest are reported.120 insect pest are reported.

MAJOR PESTS OF APPLEMAJOR PESTS OF APPLE

Common names Scientific name Order Family

San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock Hemiptera Diaspididae

Woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Hausman Hemiptera Aphididae

European red mite Panonychus ulmi Koch Acarina Eriophyidae

Blossom thrips Thrips flavus Schrank Thysanoptera Thripidae

Codling moth Cydia pomonella Linnaeus Lepidoptera Tortricidae

Apple root borer Dorysthenes hugelli Redtenbacher Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Apple stem borer Apriona cinerea Cheverlot Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Tent caterpillar Malacosoma indica Walker Coleoptera Lasiocampidae

Indian gypsy moth Lymantria obfuscata Walker Lepidoptera Lymantridae

Apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella Diptera Tephritidae

CODLING MOTHCODLING MOTHCydia pomonella Cydia pomonella LinneausLinneausLepidoptera : TortricidaeLepidoptera : Tortricidae

Most notorious of all the apple pests.Most notorious of all the apple pests. In addition to apple, the fruits of pear, quince, In addition to apple, the fruits of pear, quince,

walnut may be damaged.walnut may be damaged. Adult forewings are dark grayish with waxy lines Adult forewings are dark grayish with waxy lines

with a copper colored eye like circle toward with a copper colored eye like circle toward margin.margin.

Egg laying singly on fruits, leaves and twigs.Egg laying singly on fruits, leaves and twigs. Full grown larva pinkish or creamy white with Full grown larva pinkish or creamy white with

brown head.brown head. Larvae appears to be cannibalistic.Larvae appears to be cannibalistic. Pupation takes place in bark of tree.Pupation takes place in bark of tree.

DAMAGEDAMAGE Larva causes the heaviest Larva causes the heaviest

damage.damage.

Neonate larva enters the Neonate larva enters the fruit through calyx and fruit through calyx and feeds on pulp.feeds on pulp.

Infested fruits lose their shape and fall Infested fruits lose their shape and fall prematurely.prematurely.

30 to 70 per cent apple fruits are rendered 30 to 70 per cent apple fruits are rendered unmarketable.unmarketable.

IPMIPM Thorough clean up of orchard.Thorough clean up of orchard. Scrapping lose bark from old trees.Scrapping lose bark from old trees. Collection and destruction of fallen fruits.Collection and destruction of fallen fruits. Mating disruption dispenser.Mating disruption dispenser. Moth pheromone trap can be used.Moth pheromone trap can be used.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROLBIOLOGICAL CONTROL Birds; Birds; Parus majorParus major and and Passer domesticusPasser domesticus prey upon prey upon

overwintering larvae.overwintering larvae. Spray of Carpovirusine (GV of moth) at fortnightly Spray of Carpovirusine (GV of moth) at fortnightly

interval.interval. First release of First release of Trichogramma embryophagumTrichogramma embryophagum within within

the first appearance of moth.the first appearance of moth. Subsequent release at weekly interval.Subsequent release at weekly interval.

CHEMICAL CONTROLCHEMICAL CONTROL Spraying (before caterpillar enter into fruit), 700 ml Spraying (before caterpillar enter into fruit), 700 ml

endosulfan 35 EC, 2.0 kg carbaryl 50 WP in 500 lt of endosulfan 35 EC, 2.0 kg carbaryl 50 WP in 500 lt of water/ha.water/ha.

In case of abundance tree should be banded with In case of abundance tree should be banded with chemically treated bands.chemically treated bands.

SAN JOSE SCALESAN JOSE SCALEQuadraspidiotus perniciosus Quadraspidiotus perniciosus ComstockComstock

Hemiptera : DiaspididaeHemiptera : Diaspididae Pest of 700 different species of fruits, shrubs Pest of 700 different species of fruits, shrubs

and ornamental plants.and ornamental plants. Pest is active from March to December.Pest is active from March to December. Passes winter in nymphal stage in tree bark.Passes winter in nymphal stage in tree bark. Insect body covered with brown or black Insect body covered with brown or black

scales.scales. Yellow lemon insect is visible when covering Yellow lemon insect is visible when covering

is lifted.is lifted. Each female gives birth to 200-400 nymphs.Each female gives birth to 200-400 nymphs. Five to six generations in a year.Five to six generations in a year.

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Nymph and female scales attack all Nymph and female scales attack all above ground parts.above ground parts.

Feeding site turns into a characteristic purplish Feeding site turns into a characteristic purplish red colour.red colour.

Initially growth of plant is checked but as scale Initially growth of plant is checked but as scale increases in number plant may die.increases in number plant may die.

Fruits will have distinct “measles” Fruits will have distinct “measles” spots on the surface.spots on the surface.

IPMIPM

Collection and destruction of infected pruned material.Collection and destruction of infected pruned material. Adult emergence monitoring with special sex pheromone Adult emergence monitoring with special sex pheromone

traps.traps.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROLBIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Parasite, Parasite, Encarsia perniciasiEncarsia perniciasi with with Aphytis diaspidisAphytis diaspidis may give upto 86.5 per cent may give upto 86.5 per cent parasitism.parasitism.

Coccinellid predators.Coccinellid predators.Chilocorus bijugus MulsantChilocorus rubidus HopePharoscymnus flexibilies Mulsant

CHEMICAL CONTROLCHEMICAL CONTROL

Spray trees with Spray trees with Thiamethoxam : 0.05%

Tree basinTree basinImidacloprid : 0.007%Chlorpyriphos : 0.05%

WOOLLY APPLE APHIDWOOLLY APPLE APHIDEriosoma lanigerumEriosoma lanigerum Hausman Hausman

Hemiptera : AphididaeHemiptera : Aphididae

Native of Eastern United States.Native of Eastern United States. First noticed in 1909 in Shimla on nursery stocks imported First noticed in 1909 in Shimla on nursery stocks imported

from Egland.from Egland. Most active during March to October.Most active during March to October. Adult and nymph redish brown in colour.Adult and nymph redish brown in colour. Covered with waxy filaments.Covered with waxy filaments. Reproduces parthenogenetically.Reproduces parthenogenetically. Each female produces 116 young ones in her life.Each female produces 116 young ones in her life. 13 generations a year.13 generations a year. There is partial migration from aerial parts to the roots of There is partial migration from aerial parts to the roots of

infested plant in Decemberinfested plant in December Reverse migration from root to aerial parts takes place in April Reverse migration from root to aerial parts takes place in April

and May.and May.

WOOLLY APPLE APHID NYMPHS WOOLLY APPLE APHID ADULTS

WOOLLY APPLE APHID AERIAL COLONY

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Nymphs and adults suck cell sap from Nymphs and adults suck cell sap from bark of twigs and from underground parts.bark of twigs and from underground parts.

Underground feeding produces Underground feeding produces large knots on roots.large knots on roots.

Heavily infected plant have a short fibrous Heavily infected plant have a short fibrous root system and yellowish foliage which root system and yellowish foliage which can be easily uprooted.can be easily uprooted.

IPMIPM

Aphids usually spread through infested stocks, avoid planting Aphids usually spread through infested stocks, avoid planting infested stocks.infested stocks.

Use of resistant stocks Golden Delicius, Northern Spy and Use of resistant stocks Golden Delicius, Northern Spy and Morton Stocks 778, 779, 789 and 793.Morton Stocks 778, 779, 789 and 793.

INFESTED ROOTS

BIOLOGICAL CONTROLBIOLOGICAL CONTROL Parasitoid, Aphelinus maliParasitoid, Aphelinus mali PredatorsPredators

Coccinella septempunctataChrysoperla carneaMenochilus sexmaculusSyrphus confactor

CHEMICAL CONTROLCHEMICAL CONTROL

Treat nursery plant with chlorpyriphos or fenitrothion 0.05%. Treat nursery plant with chlorpyriphos or fenitrothion 0.05%. For root forms: Methyl oxydemeton 25 EC in 500 lt of water/ha For root forms: Methyl oxydemeton 25 EC in 500 lt of water/ha

during winter.during winter. Spray tree with thiamethoxam 0.05%.Spray tree with thiamethoxam 0.05%. Root fumigation: Paradichlorobenzene granules in 15 cm deep Root fumigation: Paradichlorobenzene granules in 15 cm deep

trench dug around infested tree.trench dug around infested tree.

EUROPEAN RED MITEEUROPEAN RED MITE

Panonychus ulmiPanonychus ulmi Koch Koch

Acarina : TetranychidaeAcarina : Tetranychidae This mite occurs on many deciduous fruits This mite occurs on many deciduous fruits

but is most injurious to apple.but is most injurious to apple. Adult male dull green to fulvous.Adult male dull green to fulvous. Female bright to brownish red with curved Female bright to brownish red with curved

spines on their back.spines on their back. Eggs are laid on the twigs and smaller branches of tree.Eggs are laid on the twigs and smaller branches of tree. Egg hatch into a six legged larval stage just before bloom.Egg hatch into a six legged larval stage just before bloom. Larva passes through eight legged protonymph and Larva passes through eight legged protonymph and

deutonymph before becoming adult.deutonymph before becoming adult.

DAMAGEDAMAGE

European red mite feeds on European red mite feeds on leaves.leaves.

Severe mite injury produces Severe mite injury produces browning and loss of colour browning and loss of colour in the leaves in the leaves i.e.i.e. bronzing. bronzing.

IPMIPMBIOLOGICAL CONTROLBIOLOGICAL CONTROL Chrysoperla carneaChrysoperla carnea Predatory mite, Predatory mite, Ambelacious fallocis, Stethorus Ambelacious fallocis, Stethorus

punctumpunctum important predator in Northwest. important predator in Northwest.

CHEMICAL CONTROLCHEMICAL CONTROL

For killing egg, a dormant or delayed dormant For killing egg, a dormant or delayed dormant application of a 3%. Superior or regular type application of a 3%. Superior or regular type oil emulsion. oil emulsion.

Acaricidal fungicides such as binapacryl Acaricidal fungicides such as binapacryl dinocap. Propineb, can control mite dinocap. Propineb, can control mite population.population.

New acaricides: tebufenpyrad, fenazaquin, New acaricides: tebufenpyrad, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate.fenpyroximate.

TENT CATERPILLARTENT CATERPILLARMalacosoma indicaMalacosoma indica Walker Walker

Lepidoptera : LasiocampidaeLepidoptera : Lasiocampidae Important pest of apple, in North Western India being more serious in Important pest of apple, in North Western India being more serious in

Shimla hills.Shimla hills.

Pest is active from March-May, passes 9 moth of year in egg stage.Pest is active from March-May, passes 9 moth of year in egg stage.

Caterpillar is progeny of a light reddish brown moth with two whitish Caterpillar is progeny of a light reddish brown moth with two whitish stripes running across each of the forewings.stripes running across each of the forewings.

Male are short lived and female may survive for 2 to 5 days.Male are short lived and female may survive for 2 to 5 days.

Female lays egg in broad bands consisting of 200 to 400 eggs.Female lays egg in broad bands consisting of 200 to 400 eggs.

Caterpillar soon after emergence gather near a fork and spins a big tent Caterpillar soon after emergence gather near a fork and spins a big tent like web.like web.

Web is used for resting during night or when weather is bad.Web is used for resting during night or when weather is bad.

Pupation takes place in stem, between leaves and among dry debrish in Pupation takes place in stem, between leaves and among dry debrish in ground.ground.

ADULT AND EGGS OF TENT CATERPILLAR

LARVAE OF TENT CATERPILLAR

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Caterpillars during the night rest Caterpillars during the night rest at their nest and at day they feed at their nest and at day they feed on leaves.on leaves.

In severe infestation, the entire plant may be In severe infestation, the entire plant may be defoliated and subsequently the caterpillar defoliated and subsequently the caterpillar may feed on bark of twigs.may feed on bark of twigs.

When severe infestation 40-50 per cent plants When severe infestation 40-50 per cent plants in orchard may be defoliated producing a poor in orchard may be defoliated producing a poor harvest.harvest.

IPMIPM Pruning and burning of twigs Pruning and burning of twigs

containing egg mass (Dec-Jan).containing egg mass (Dec-Jan). Mopping up the tent with pole and Mopping up the tent with pole and

some rags dipped in kerosene some rags dipped in kerosene tied on its end.tied on its end.

Parasitoid Tachnid flyParasitoid Tachnid fly Virus also cause diseases to caterpillar.Virus also cause diseases to caterpillar. Spray 0.05% nimbecidine or Spray 0.05% nimbecidine or B.t.B.t. based Halt based Halt

0.02%0.02%(Singh and Pandey, 2004)(Singh and Pandey, 2004)

INDIAN GYPSY MOTHINDIAN GYPSY MOTH

Lymantria obfuscataLymantria obfuscata Walker Walker

Lepidoptera : LymantridaeLepidoptera : Lymantridae Pest of apricot, apple, walnut also forest trees.Pest of apricot, apple, walnut also forest trees. Female moth dark grey with atrophied wings.Female moth dark grey with atrophied wings. Males are comparatively active flier.Males are comparatively active flier. Female lays a mass of round, shining and light Female lays a mass of round, shining and light

grayish brown egg under the loose bark (June-July).grayish brown egg under the loose bark (June-July). Caterpillar 40-50 mm long and clothed in tuft of hairs.Caterpillar 40-50 mm long and clothed in tuft of hairs. Larval period 66-100 days.Larval period 66-100 days. Pupation takes place in ground among fallen leaves.Pupation takes place in ground among fallen leaves.

LIFE CYCLE OF INDIAN ZYPSY MOTH

DAMAGEDAMAGE Caterpillars are gregarious but Caterpillars are gregarious but

voracious feeder.voracious feeder. They eat voraciously on leaves They eat voraciously on leaves

at night time.at night time. Under heavy infestation entire Under heavy infestation entire

leaf eaten sparing only hard vein.leaf eaten sparing only hard vein. Defoliation of host completely results in failure of fruit Defoliation of host completely results in failure of fruit

formation.formation.

IPMIPM Egg mass covered with yellowish hair so easily Egg mass covered with yellowish hair so easily

visible they should be hunted and destroyed visible they should be hunted and destroyed (between August-March).(between August-March).

A band of burlap around the tree trunk affords shelter A band of burlap around the tree trunk affords shelter for larvae in day time these band examined for larvae in day time these band examined frequently and larvae destroyed.frequently and larvae destroyed.

BIOCONTROLBIOCONTROL

Egg parasitoid, Egg parasitoid, Anastatuis kashmiriensisAnastatuis kashmiriensis Mathur. Mathur. Larval parasitoid, Larval parasitoid, Cottesia melanoscelaCottesia melanoscela Ratzeburg, Ratzeburg,

Glyptapantelos indiensisGlyptapantelos indiensis Marsh, Marsh, G. flevicoxisG. flevicoxis Marsh Marsh Pupal parasitoid, Pupal parasitoid, Brachymera intermediaBrachymera intermedia, , B. lasusB. lasus..

CHEMICAL CONTROLCHEMICAL CONTROL

Spray 700 ml endosulfan 35 EC or 2.0 kg carbaryl 50 Spray 700 ml endosulfan 35 EC or 2.0 kg carbaryl 50 WP in 500 litres of water/ha.WP in 500 litres of water/ha.

APPLE STEM BORERAPPLE STEM BORERApriona cinerea Apriona cinerea CheverlotCheverlotColeoptera : CerambycidaeColeoptera : Cerambycidae

Destructive stem borer of apple, peach, fig and other Destructive stem borer of apple, peach, fig and other fruits.fruits.

Adult beetles 35-50 mm long and grey in colour Adult beetles 35-50 mm long and grey in colour having long antennae.having long antennae.

Female lays egg inside cavity on a shoot.Female lays egg inside cavity on a shoot. Grub emerge in 7-8 days and start feeding by boring Grub emerge in 7-8 days and start feeding by boring

inside the stem.inside the stem. Grub longevity 2 years.Grub longevity 2 years. Grub remains quiescent during winter and resume Grub remains quiescent during winter and resume

feeding in March.feeding in March. Pupation takes place inside a tunnel made in the Pupation takes place inside a tunnel made in the

woody tissue.woody tissue.

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Caused by grub and adult, grub more Caused by grub and adult, grub more destructive.destructive.

Grub makes a tunnel and reaches close to Grub makes a tunnel and reaches close to trunk of tree.trunk of tree.

Vitality and productivity of plant is greatly Vitality and productivity of plant is greatly impaired.impaired.

Adult feed on bark and have an unusual habit Adult feed on bark and have an unusual habit of cutting more than they consume.of cutting more than they consume.

IPMIPM

Prune and burn all attacked shoot and Prune and burn all attacked shoot and branches during winter.branches during winter.

Insert a cotton wick soaked in petrol or carbon Insert a cotton wick soaked in petrol or carbon disulphide or chloroform and sealing them with disulphide or chloroform and sealing them with mud.mud.

Place Paradichlorbenzene 0.5 gm inside the Place Paradichlorbenzene 0.5 gm inside the holes and plug them.holes and plug them.

APPLE ROOT BORERAPPLE ROOT BORER

Dorysthenes hugeliiDorysthenes hugelii Redtenbacher Redtenbacher

Coleoptera : CerambycidaeColeoptera : Cerambycidae Very damaging root borer in Kumaon region of Very damaging root borer in Kumaon region of

Himalayas.Himalayas. Adult beetle red chest nut in colour with head and Adult beetle red chest nut in colour with head and

thorax darker than elytra.thorax darker than elytra. Adults become active at night.Adults become active at night. Female lays egg in clusture about 8 mm deep in soil.Female lays egg in clusture about 8 mm deep in soil. Grub creamy white with black head and mandibles.Grub creamy white with black head and mandibles. Larval period lasts for 3 years.Larval period lasts for 3 years. Male die soon after mating and female live for 10-12 Male die soon after mating and female live for 10-12

days only.days only.

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Caused by grub, young larva feeds on organic Caused by grub, young larva feeds on organic matter in the soil for sometime until finally it matter in the soil for sometime until finally it bores into the root.bores into the root.

Young tree die immediately whereas the older Young tree die immediately whereas the older ones become weaken and fall down eventually ones become weaken and fall down eventually owing to the action of strong winds.owing to the action of strong winds.

IPMIPM

Adult beetles can be light trapped and killed by Adult beetles can be light trapped and killed by dipping in water containing kerosene.dipping in water containing kerosene.

Removal of undecomposed wood and manual Removal of undecomposed wood and manual destruction of borer.destruction of borer.

Avoid sandy soil for planting.Avoid sandy soil for planting. Collect and destruct grubs during preparation Collect and destruct grubs during preparation

of tree basin.of tree basin. Once the infestation has occurred, treat tree Once the infestation has occurred, treat tree

basin with phorate granules @ 100 g a.i. per basin with phorate granules @ 100 g a.i. per tree. tree.

APPLE MAGGOTAPPLE MAGGOTRhagoletis pomonellaRhagoletis pomonellaDiptera : TephritidaeDiptera : Tephritidae

A very injurious apple pest in North A very injurious apple pest in North Eastern states and Canada.Eastern states and Canada.

Adults (flies) are black with white Adults (flies) are black with white bands between segments on bands between segments on abdomen.abdomen.

Wings are marked with oblique black bands.Wings are marked with oblique black bands. Maggots are carrot shaped, white and legless.Maggots are carrot shaped, white and legless. Eggs are laid just under the skin of fruit.Eggs are laid just under the skin of fruit. Maggot makes a tunnel through the apple when fully Maggot makes a tunnel through the apple when fully

grown leaves the fruit and enter the soil for pupation.grown leaves the fruit and enter the soil for pupation. Adult emergence in mid June.Adult emergence in mid June.

DAMAGEDAMAGE Caused by maggot.Caused by maggot. Maggots are called ‘railroad’ Maggots are called ‘railroad’ because they leave brown because they leave brown

winding trail just under fruit skin.winding trail just under fruit skin. Burrowing of maggot sometime reduce apple to a brown Burrowing of maggot sometime reduce apple to a brown

rotten mass.rotten mass. Premature fall of infested fruits.Premature fall of infested fruits.

IPMIPM Collection and destruction of all fallen infested fruits.Collection and destruction of all fallen infested fruits. Adult monitoring with “Sticky red sphere” and “Yellow sticky Adult monitoring with “Sticky red sphere” and “Yellow sticky

panel”.panel”. Spray before egg laying. Spray before egg laying.

Parathion (Parathion 50 EC) and Phosmet (Imidan 50 WP).Parathion (Parathion 50 EC) and Phosmet (Imidan 50 WP).

BLOSSOM THRIPSBLOSSOM THRIPSThrips flavusThrips flavus Schrank Schrank

Thysanoptera : ThripidaeThysanoptera : Thripidae Blossom thrips are winged Blossom thrips are winged

sucking rasping insects sucking rasping insects ranging from 5-14 mm in length.ranging from 5-14 mm in length.

Their slender bodies are shiny Their slender bodies are shiny pale or black with silver stripes.pale or black with silver stripes.

Life cycle completed in 11-43 days.Life cycle completed in 11-43 days. Produce many generations in a year heaviest Produce many generations in a year heaviest

damage occur in spring.damage occur in spring. In colder region, life cycle is longer with fewer In colder region, life cycle is longer with fewer

generations.generations.

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Nymph and adult feed by rasping the petal, Nymph and adult feed by rasping the petal, vital flower parts and leaves.vital flower parts and leaves.

Affected leaves and blossom may fall Affected leaves and blossom may fall prematurely.prematurely.

Heavily infected blossom may become Heavily infected blossom may become distorted and may open only in one side.distorted and may open only in one side.

Unchecked growth of thrips may cause poor Unchecked growth of thrips may cause poor fruit set and thus severe crop loss.fruit set and thus severe crop loss.

IPMIPM

Clean cultivation and digging of beds in winter Clean cultivation and digging of beds in winter can expose them to natural enemies.can expose them to natural enemies.

Predators: Lady bird beetle, aphid lion.Predators: Lady bird beetle, aphid lion. Spray of fenitrothion 0.05% at green tip stage.Spray of fenitrothion 0.05% at green tip stage. To check population a cluster of flower dipped To check population a cluster of flower dipped

in water and then thrips can be counted easily.in water and then thrips can be counted easily. If still > 10 thrips/blossom, 2nd spray of If still > 10 thrips/blossom, 2nd spray of

endosulfan 0.05% at pink bud stage.endosulfan 0.05% at pink bud stage.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Most of IPM practices in Apple Crop Most of IPM practices in Apple Crop

should be done during dormant stage of should be done during dormant stage of tree (October to March)tree (October to March) Less pest emergence during flowering and

fruiting. Less damage to crop.

To promote IPM implementation, special To promote IPM implementation, special emphasis is necessary to generate emphasis is necessary to generate increased awareness and transfer of increased awareness and transfer of recommended IPM practices.recommended IPM practices.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU