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Government, business, and the general public increasingly agree that the polluter should pay. Carbon dioxide and environmental damage are considered viable chargeable commodities. The net effect of this for data center and cloud computing operators is that they should look to “chargeback” the environmental impacts of their services to the consuming end-users. An environmental chargeback model can have a positive effect on environmental impacts by linking consumers to the indirect impacts of their usage, facilitating clearer understanding of the impact of their actions. In this paper we motivate the need for environmental chargeback mechanisms. The environmental chargeback model is described including requirements, methodology for definition, and environmental impact allocation strategies. The paper details a proof-of-concept within an operational data center together with discussion on experiences gained and future research directions. Curry, E.; Hasan, S.; White, M.; and Melvin, H. 2012. An Environmental Chargeback for Data Center and Cloud Computing Consumers. In Huusko, J.; de Meer, H.; Klingert, S.; and Somov, A., eds., First International Workshop on Energy-Efficient Data Centers. Madrid, Spain: Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
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Copyright 2011 Digital Enterprise Research Institute. All rights reserved.
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
An Environmental Chargeback for Data Center & Cloud Computing
ConsumersEdward Curry, Souleiman Hasan, Mark White, Hugh Melvin
[email protected] - www.edwardcurry.org
1st International Workshop on Energy-Efficient Data Centres, Madrid, 2012
Digital Enterprise Research InstituteNational University of Ireland, Galway
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Motivation for Environmental Chargeback
Environmental Chargeback Model Requirements Definition Methodology Allocating Impacts
Proof of Concept at DERI
Related Work
Conclusions & Future Work
Overview
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
The Impact of Search?
Figures and Image from www.google.com/green
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Cost of Other Services?
Figures and Image from www.google.com/green
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Google’s Carbon Footprint
Figures and Image from www.google.com/green
Is Google solely responsible for these emissions?
What about the 1 billion users that use Google’s services everyday?
Do the users bear some responsibility?
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Google’s Carbon Footprint
Figures and Image from www.google.com/green
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
DC Service Supply Chain
IaaS
Home User
Data Center
Corporate User
CSR
Renewable Energy
Coal Power Plant
Power Generation (Utility or On-site)
High CO2 Intensity
ZeroCO2 Intensity
PaaS
SaaS
End Consumers
BPaaS
XaaS
Server 1
Service …
Service …
Service N
ProvideServicesSupply Power
Cause of Environmental
Impacts
Cause of Environmental
Impacts
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Principle of ‘The Polluter Pays’ Acceptance by governments, businesses, and public
End-users IT needs are reason for existence of DC Little information flows to consumers on the
environmental impacts of their service usage Little opportunity to change behavior to be more
ecologically sound
The Challenge: Tie emissions back to point of usage, so consumer are better informed
Solution: An Environmental Chargeback Model
The Polluter Pays
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Raising Consumer Awareness of Envir. Impacts Understand the relationships between actions and
impacts Induce Efficient Usage of Data Center Resources
Improving access to resource consumption information– Can reduce usage (i.e. paper, energy)
Empower end-users to make sustainable choices:– Could the service be scheduled (invoked) when renewable
power sources are available? – Could it be invoked less often?
Embed Service Usage within Sustainable IT Practices Include environmental impacts in business and decision-
making processes
Empowering the Consumer
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Motivation for Environmental Chargeback
Environmental Chargeback Model Requirements Definition Methodology Allocating Impacts
Proof of Concept at DERI
Related Work
Conclusions & Future Work
Overview
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Equitable Consumer only charged for the impacts they cause. One consumer should
not subsidize the impacts of another consumer Accuracy & Auditability
Charge for actual impacts, and maintain records to handle inquiries Understandable
Consumer must understand the charging process & methodology Controllable & Predictable
Ability to control or predict the cost of performing activity Flexible & Adaptable
Support multiple service types (i.e. PaaS, IaaS, SaaS) and dynamic cost models (i.e. include capital impacts, operational impacts
Scalable Capacity to handle small- and large-scale services
Economical Inexpensive to design, implement, deploy, and run, including data
collection, processing and reporting to consumers
Model Requirements
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Enabling Networked Knowledge
Step 1. Identify service and define environmental system boundary: Identify the target service Define the system boundary of the model Define functional units (CO2, kWh, cost per use, etc)
Step 2. Identify billable Items and, for each one, identify the smallest unit that will be available as a service to consumers Find a reasonable easily understood unit of measurement: Billable Service Items: resources which consumers will be
charged – Consumers will be able to purchase these items– Servers, virtual machines, storage, email, search, etc.
Atomic Service Units: smallest unit of measurement– Consumer bill will detail how many units of a resource were used– Examples Server/VM uptime, transactions, MB/GB, etc…
Definition Methodology
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Step 3. Identify, analyze and document relevant environmental impacts: Determine service resource use and associated environmental
impacts within the model boundaries Step 4. Define an environmental cost allocation
strategy for each billable item: Associating impacts to billable items Can be fixed, variable, or mixed charging Should reflect actual usage instead of allocation/reservation
Step 5. Identify, integrate, and deploy tools necessary to collect data and to calculate environmental chargeback: Environmental data collection DC resource utilization, service
workload, chargeback, and customer billing & reporting Tools will vary based on the service and the data center.
Definition Methodology
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Enabling Networked Knowledge
Capital Impacts – Initial Setup Amortized over est. life of item as fixed charge Building the data center facilities
– Lifespan of 10 to 15 years
IT Equipment (Server, storage, cabling, etc.)– Servers have a lifespan of 3 to 5 years
Software i.e. cost of search index vs. user search– Lifespan in days, weeks, months,…
Operational Impacts – Running Straightforward allocation by usage Power generation and water for cooling
Allocating Impacts
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Enabling Networked Knowledge
Allocating Impacts
Environmental Data Collection
DC Resource Utilization
Chargeback Model BillingkWh
CO2 intensity
CO2/atomic unit
Service Workload atomic unit
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Motivation for Environmental Chargeback
Environmental Chargeback Model Requirements Definition Methodology Allocating Impacts
Proof of Concept at DERI
Related Work
Conclusions & Future Work
Overview
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Developed a proof of concept Instantiation has been realized in the DERI data center
Steps 1-3 Service: Transaction-based data service System boundary: carbon dioxide from power
generation Units: CO2 (gCO2), kilowatts (kW) and kilowatt-hours
(kWh) Billable Service Items: User accounts Atomic Service Units: Single data transactions Environmental Impacts: 27 servers, power supplied is
mixture of fossil fuel & renewable sources (variable CO2)
Proof of Concept
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Step 4. Define allocation strategy for each billable item: Computational workload of all transactions is similar,
– Treat transactions as equal from impact allocation perspective
Proof of Concept
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Enabling Networked Knowledge
Step 5. Data collection and reporting Leverages existing monitoring infrastructures
– Real-Time Web Service for Power CO2 Intensity – DC Resource Energy Monitor– Data Service Workload Monitor
Charge calculated with real-time assessment sliding window– Encoded as rules within a Complex Event Processing (CEP) engine – CEP receives events allocates impacts in real-time
Billing System Limitations
Network & data storage excluded due to insufficient metering Approach ignores transactions initiated prior to the start of
the window and those not completed prior at end of window No Capital charges included in current version
Proof of Concept
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Enabling Networked Knowledge
Chargeback in Action
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Linked dataspace for Energy Intelligence
Ap
plic
ati
on
s
Energy Analysis Model
Complex Events
Situation Awareness Apps
Energy and Sustainability Dashboards
Decision Support Systems
Lin
ked
Data
S
up
port
S
erv
ices
Entity Management
Service
Data Catalog
Complex Event Processing
Engine
Provenance
Search & Query
Sou
rces
Faci
litie
s
Build
ing
IS
ERP
Fina
nce
Asse
ts
Sens
ors
HR
Trav
el
Com
mut
e
IT
Offi
ce D
ata
Cent
erAdapter Adapter Adapter Adapter Adapter
Uses W3C web standards for sharing and integrating energy data Linked Data Semantic Sensor
Networks
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Enabling Networked Knowledge
iEnergy – Personal Usage
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Enabling Networked Knowledge
Metering and Monitoring Piggy-backed on existing infrastructure
Service & Infrastructure Complexity Shared and federated across multiple data
centers will be more difficult to allocate impacts
Stakeholder Collaboration Require collaboration from more players, such
as service managers and developers Security and Privacy
Considered within wider area of security and privacy for data centers and cloud computing
Experience
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Motivation for Environmental Chargeback
Environmental Chargeback Model Requirements Definition Methodology Allocating Impacts
Proof of Concept at DERI
Related Work
Conclusions & Future Work
Overview
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Model complements existing research on DC EE SLA@SOI, GAMES, FIT4Green, OPTIMIS, ALL4Green, etc, …
Green Grid Metrics Power usage effectiveness (PUE), Data Center
infrastructure Efficiency (DCiE), Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE), Carbon Usage Effectiveness (CUE), Data Center compute Efficiency (DCcE), The Data Center Productivity (DCP) framework
Focus on DC efficiency
Not Consumer-centric Do not inform consumer of cost of their service usage Do not give information necessary to change behavior to
be more sustainable
Related Work
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Motivation for Environmental Chargeback
Environmental Chargeback Model Requirements Definition Methodology Allocating Impacts
Proof of Concept at DERI
Related Work
Conclusions & Future Work
Overview
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Environmental Chargeback Model Correlate service utilization back to service consumers Provide visibility into service & associated resource utilization Enable consumers to understand environmental footprint Bring transparency to sustainability of outsourced enterprise IT Encourage use of green power with lower footprint
Future Work User evaluation to determine if model can effectively change
user behavior and reduce the impacts of services Deployment challenges in different environments (i.e.
homogenous & heterogeneous), at large scale (i.e. warehouse) Methods for allocation of capital environmental impacts
Conclusion & Future Work
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Enabling Networked Knowledge
Curry, E.; Hasan, S.; White, M.; and Melvin, H. 2012. AnEnvironmental Chargeback for Data Center and Cloud Computing Consumers. In Huusko, J.; de Meer, H.; Klingert, S.; and Somov, A., eds., First International Workshop on Energy-Efficient Data Centers. Madrid, Spain: Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
www.edwardcurry.org
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