Automatic Identification And Data Capture Technology

What is AIDC

•Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) is a broad category

of technologies used to collect information from an individual, object,

image or sound without manual data entry.

• Some of the technologies are Barcode, RFID, NFC, Biometrics and

many others

• These technologies aims at identifying an entity and ability to read and

process that identity

AUTO-ID

BIOMETRIC

RETINA FINGERPRINT

RFID

NFC

RFID :RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION

•Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to assets.

• RFID is Fast and Reliable

• It does not require a physical line of sight or contact between reader and the tagged item

COMPONENTS OF RFID:

RFID Reader/InterrogatorRFID Tag/TransponderRFID Antenna

RFID READER• Brain of the RFID system• Sometimes they are named as interrogator• Transmit and receive radio waves in order to communicate with RFID Tags

TYPES OF READERS

Fixed Reader Handheld Reader Integrated Reader

RFID ANTENNAS

•Antennas will allow the reader to transmit and receive signals from the RFID Tags• Antennas comes with various size, gain and polarization •Gain – higher the gain, the more powerful the antenna. A higher gain antenna will produce a larger field, thus extending read range farther than a lower gain antenna.

LINEARLY POLARIZED CIRCULARLY POLARIZED

Broadcast electromagnetic waves on a single plane

in a corkscrew-like fashion.

Horizontal plane/Vertical plane Right/Left hand circularly polarized

Greater read range Lesser read range

RFID tag must be fixed upon the same plane as the antenna

RFID tag may be found in any orientation

Polarization (horizontal) Circular Polarization (right-hand)

RFID TAGS

• it comprises of two parts antenna and a chip• an antenna for transmitting and receiving signals, and an RFID chip (or integrated circuit) which stores the tag’s ID and other information.

RFID Tag

ACTIVE RFID PASSIVE RFID

Power Battery Operated No internal power

Communication Range Long Range(100+mtr ) Short Range (>10 mtr)

Tag Size Varies depending on application

“Sticker” to credit card size

Fixed Infrastructure Costs

Lower – cheaper interrogators Higher – fixed readers

Per Asset Variable Costs Higher – see tag cost Lower – see tag cost

Active RFID v/s Passive RFID

OPERATING FREQUENCIES

RFID

LF ( Low Frequency)

Frequency: 125- 134 kHz

HF (High Frequency)Frequency: 13.56 MHz

UHF (Ultra High Frequency)

Active433 & 856- 960 MHz

Passive856- 960 MHz

SHF(Super High Frequency)

2.45 GHz

Low Frequency Passive Reader

Operating Frequency: 125 - 134 kHz

Read Range: contact - 10 cm

Examples: Animal tracking, Access Control, Car Key-Fob, Applications with high volumes of liquids and metals

Pros: work well around liquids and metals, global standards

Cons: very short read range, limited quantity of memory, low data transmission rate (read very few tags at one one), high production cost

High Frequency Passive Reader

Operating Frequency: 13.56 MHz

Read Range: contact - 30 cm

Examples: DVD Kiosks, Library Books, Personal ID cards, Poker/Gaming Chips

Pros: NFC protocol

Cons: short read range, low data transmission rate (read fewer tags at one time)

Ultra High Frequency Passive Reader

Operating Frequency: 856- 960 MHz

Read Range: near contact - 10+ meters Examples: Supply Chain, High-volume Manufacturing, Electronic tolls, Item Tracking, Asset Tracking

Pros: longer read range, lower cost per tag, wide range of tag sizes and types, global standards, high data transmission rates (read more tags at one time)

Cons: typically higher associated infrastructure cost, write small amounts of data, high amount of interference from metal and liquids

Super High Frequency Active Reader

Operating Frequency: 2.45GHz

Read Range: up to 100 Meters

Examples: Vehicle and Cargo Tracking

Pros: Active tags can also be read while moving at 60 miles per hour or more, with near 100 percent reliability.

Cons: active RFID tags are powered by a battery so will eventually require replacing

RFID TAGS- on chip Memory-Memory size varies from vendor to vendor-Active tags have more memory than passive Tags-Passive tags Memory size varies from few bits to 64KB

TAG TYPE MEMORY AVAILBLE

Active tags Varies from 16 bytes-128KB

License plate Tags 96 bits/128bits

CryptoRF Family 1k,2k,4k,8k,16k,32k,64k

Fujitsu Metal mount tags 8k

RFID STANDARD

EPCglobal Standards

Out Dated Standards1)Class 0 2)Class 1

singulation is relatively slow when a large number of tags are present.

Existing Standards• Class 1 Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C)

Incompatible to previous StandardsThe data rate can vary from 27 to 128 Kbps

ISO STANDARDS18000–1: Generic parameters for air interfaces for globally accepted frequencies

18000–2: Air interface for 135 KHz

18000–3: Air interface for 13.56 MHz

18000–4: Air interface for 2.45 GHz

18000–5: Air interface for 5.8 GHz

18000–6: Air interface for 860 MHz to 930 MHz

18000–7: Air interface at 433.92 MHz

Advantages of RFID System

•As no line-of-sight is required, tag placement is less Constrained

•RFID tags have a longer read range than barcodes

•Tags can have read/write memory capability

•Many tags can be read simultaneously

•RFID tags can be combined with sensors

•Tags can locally store additional information; suchdistributed data storage may increase fault tolerance of the entire system, • Reduces inventory control and provisioning costs,

APPLICATIONS

Document tracking/Library Management System:

Each document is tagged with a RFID tag and the document ID is stored in DB, Personnel are also issued with RFID cards for issue and tracking

Readers are placed in entry/exit position and also at the issue desk and dropdown box

• RTLS (Real Time Location Systems)

In some applications, you need to track the real-time location of assets, employees, or customers. Whether you’re measuring the efficiency of worker movements, the effectiveness of a store floor plan, or tracking the location of valuable resources, RFID systems provide visibility in any number of locations.

Automated Toll Collection

Electronic toll collection system allows the vehicle drivers to pass the toll tax booths without stopping at the toll booths. The toll amount is deducted from the RFID card. This RFID card is rechargeable and account is stored on the records.

Attendance Tracking:

-helps to gather business intelligence at events like trade shows, conferences, corporate functions, and other large gatherings. -Attendee’s are given badges affixed with UHF RFID tags. Appropriately placed RFID readers and antennas track the location of the RFID badges as the attendee visits booths, seminars, product demos, and other events.

IT Asset Tracking:

-IT assets such as server blades, laptops, tablets, and other peripherals are costly investments for any company, not to mention that information stored on those items could prove detrimental in the wrong hands. IT asset tags give your IT team the ability to quickly do an inventory count and make sure everything is in place.

NFC – Near Field Communication

• It is a subset of RFID Technology

• It is a form of contactless communication between 2 devices which uses RF waves

• operating frequency 13.56 MHz

• read range is about 10cm or less

• Supported data rates: 106, 212 or 424 kbit/s

Three Modes Of NFC

1. Card emulation mode: example e-payment

2. Peer to peer (Bluetooth like communication)

3. Reader/writer mode ex: advertisement (Smart Poster )

1. Card Emulation Mode:This mode enables NFC-enabled devices to act like smart

cards, allowing users to perform transactions such as purchases, ticketing, and transit access control with just a touch.

Benefits- Physical object elimination(Credit cards, debit cards, paper based

tickets, physical keys)

2. Peer To Peer Mode:

Peer-to-peer mode enables two NFC-enabled devices to communicate with each other to exchange information and share files, so that users of NFC-enabled devices can quickly share contact information and other files with a touch. For example, users can share Bluetooth or WiFi link set-up parameters or exchange data such as virtual business cards or digital photos.

3.Reader/Writer Mode:Reader/writer mode enables NFC-enabled devices to read

information stored on inexpensive NFC tags embedded in smart posters and displays, providing a great marketing tool for companies.In reader/writer mode, the NFC-enabled device is capable of reading NFC Forum-mandated tag types, such as a tag embedded in an NFC smart poster.

NFC Tags-On chip Memory

Tag Type On Chip Memory

MIFARE Mini 320 Bytes

MIFARE 1k 1024 Bytes

MIFARE 4k 496 Bytes

MIFARE Ultralight 192 Bytes

MIFARE Plus 2/4 Kb

Applications

NFC applications can be split into four basic categories.

Touch and Go•Applications such as access control or transport/event ticketing, where the user only needs to bring the device storing the ticket or access code close to the reader. • simple data capture applications, such as picking up an Internet URL from a smart label on a poster.

Touch and Confirm-Applications such as mobile payment -confirm the interaction by entering a password or just accepting the transaction.

Touch and ConnectLinking two NFC-enabled devices to enable peer to peer transfer of data such as downloading music, exchanging images or synchronizing address books.

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