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AGRI MECHAGRI MECHVOL I | ISSUE 5 | SEPT 2015RNI No. HARENG00941RNI No. HARENG00941
Agricultural mechanization in PeruBy Shimon Horovitz / Agronomist
The rice you trustBy A S Subbarao
Robot farming system in JapanBy Noboru Noguchi - Hokkaido Univ,
(YOUR FARM TECHNOLOGY NAVIGATOR)
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S K AliManaging Editor
Raji NaqviAdver�sement Manager
Dhruv VishvasSubscrip�on Manager
Naveen RanaGraphic Designer
Raza JarrarWebmaster
Our TeamEditorial policy is independent, Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors.
Registered as Monthly Magazine by Registrar of Newspapers for India. Vide RNI no. HARENG00941
Licensed to post at Karnal HPO under postal regn. No. PKL-91/2007-2009
Editorial and adver�sements may not be reproduced without the wri�en consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of AGRI MECH. The publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein.Publica�on of news, views and informa�on is in the interest of posi�ve development of Global Farm Mechaniza�on. It does not imply publisher’s endorsement.
Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submi�ed elsewhere is invited.
The submi�ed material will be published a�er going through the relevancy of the magazine subject and may be returned in case of not found appropriate.
Publisher, Printer: S K Ali on behalf of RK Media and Communica�ons, Delhi
Printed at: Crea�ve Design & Print, H.No 14, 1st Floor, Sunlight Colony-I, New Delhi - 110 014Published at: 1723, Sector – 9, Urban Estate, Karnal – 132 001 (Haryana)
Editor in Chief: S K Ali
Welcome to September edi�on of AGRIMECH, the monthly magazine dedicated to farm forward-lookingequipment from tractors to harvesters, handlers to implements. If it's found on the farm you'll find it in the pages of AGRIMECH. Agriculture machinery is the o�en-overlooked economic engine that drives much of our state's and our region's economy, chugging along like a trusty old tractor, bringing in the cash and spinning off the jobs that are the founda�on of our prosperity.
When one word will do, we use two, and it's not to fill space. Only with in-depth and comprehensive features can we give every machine the a�en�on, and every reader the detail deserved. That's the only way to inform and engage operators and owners of modern machinery. A�er all, we're as commi�ed to making sure you've got the right equipment as you are. But don't just take our word for it – every test, report and guide will be packed with expert user reviews and opinions from professional operators who spend their working lives at the wheel of the very latest agricultural machines.
An agriculture technology magazine mainly involves genera�ng knowledge, its transfer and u�liza�on by the farmers. For rapid agriculture development, there is a need for constant flow of technological informa�on from research system to extension system and there upon to the farmers for adop�on. So, in the process of transfer of technology, effec�ve communica�on has a significant role for agricultural development. Today there is a greater need for communica�on of informa�on as the present day, “Knowledge explosion” in the world has necessitated a “communica�on explosion” in its wake, because “never in the annals of human history was there a need for so many people to know so much and so quickly as it is today”. At the same �me, the key role of communica�on in any form is to plant new ideas in the minds of human beings. Because, of all the influences to which man is subjected to, the influence of ideas is probably the most important one. Preparing and distribu�on of the message to the millions of farmers and machinery manufacturers in the ways that it is received, understood, accepted and applied is therefore, the greatest opportunity and paramount challenge to all extension workers. Hence, the responsibility reposed on extension workers is considerable, as they have to act as teachers to farmers in dissemina�on of innova�ons or new ideas by using various channels of communica�on for adop�on.
With the best ar�cles and photographers AGRIMECH produces a approach to farm publishing; it will be crisp the perfect accomplice for all your machinery needs. If you're into farm mechaniza�on business, you should definitely be displayed into AGRIMECH.
ContentsContents06
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31
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Agricultural Productivity in TransitionEconomies
Agricultural technology to feed theworld
The Future of Agriculture:Smart Farming
Agriculture: The Hi: Tech way to farm
Low input production systems: innovationin mechanization for food security
Crop Scouting: Precision TechnologyUses in Crop Scouting
Agricultural mechanization:Development of civilization
Agricultural mechaniza�on in Peru
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19 Vision for Tomorrow Requires SolutionsToday 48
Farm of the future
21 50Farm Equipment Safety: Recognizing andUnderstanding the Hazards
The Rice You Trust
TAFE Launches ‘Be a FarmDost’ initiative torecognize farmers
AGCO & Precision Planting agree to bringPrecision Planting Technology to White Planters
Editorial Committee
Dr Gyanendra SinghM.Tech , Ph.DMember Task Force Committee (Agriculture), Government of Madhya PradeshMember Academic Council, JNKVV, Jabalpur
Dr Shimon Horovitz RobertoB.Sc. AgronomyConsultant - Open fields and greenhousesJerusalem, Israel
Dr. Joginder Singh MalikProfessor of Extension EducationCCS Haryana Agricultural UniversityHisar-125 004 (Haryana) INDIA
Dr. Ghanshyam T. PatleAssistant ProfessorCollege of Agricultural Engineering & Post Harvest TechnologyCentral Agricultural University, ImphalManipur (INDIA)
Dr. Said Elshahat AbdallahAssociate ProfessorAgricultural Process EngineeringDepartment of Agricultural Engineering,Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh Univ.Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt
DOUGLAS AYIREBIDE ALEKIBAProduction SupervisorMim Cashew and Agricultural Products Ltd.,Mim – Brong Ahafo,Ghana
Yash AgrawalBusiness Development AssociateBIS Research
A. S. SUBBARAOSr.Manager - AgronomySBU - SouthAgronomy DepartmentNETAFIM, India
countries.
Changes in Agricultural OutputIn the first years of transi�on, gross agricultural output decreased in all countries by at least 20%. The transi�on from a centrally planned economy to a market orientated economy coincided in all countries w i t h s u b s i d y c u t s a n d p r i c e liberaliza�on, which in general caused input prices to increase and output
p r i c e s t o d e c r e a s e . P u r c h a s e d inputs were n o l o n g e r affordable at t h e n e w rela�ve prices a n d t h e decrease in i n p u t u s e c a u s e d a decrease in agricultural output.In the Bal�c
s t a t e s a n d t h e E u r o p e a n C I S agricultural output decreased to about 50% to 60% of the pre-reform output. In Central Europe and Central Asia, output declined by 25% to 30%. Output stabilized and started to recover in the mid of 1990s in Central
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Email : [email protected]
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Europe and later i n t h e o t h e r r e g i o n s . C u r r e n t l y a g r i c u l t u r a l output is close to the pre-reform output level in most countries.
Changes in Agricultural Produc�vityDespite a decrease in agricultural output in total, output per worker in Central Europe strongly increased during the past two decades. This increase was driven by the drama�c decrease in agricultural employment in the first years of transi�on from centrally planned to more market-oriented economies. As output stabilized at the end of the 1990s and agricultural employment con�nued to d e c l i n e , t h e i n c r e a s e i n A L P con�nued.PictureIn the Balkan countries the agricultural sector acted as a social buffer and absorbed rural labor in the first years of transi�on. ALP decreased ini�ally as much labor was absorbed in agriculture. In the late 1990s labor began to flow out from agriculture and this ou�low of labor, in c o m b i n a � o n w i t h i n c r e a s e d investments in the farming and agri-food industry, resulted in a gradual but consistent improvement in ALP.
Agricultural output and produc�vity have changed drama�cally in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) and the Former Soviet Union (FSU) since the fall of the Berlin Wall, exactly 20 years ago. Ini�ally, market reforms caused a strong decline in agricultural output. The extent to which this output decline was associated with changes in produc�vity depended on the speed with which labor could exit agriculture and agricultural factor and
output markets could develop. These, in turn, depended on the ini�al condi�ons and implemented reform policies. As the ini�al condi�ons and reform policies were very different across countries in the region, produc�vity evo lved ver y d ifferent ly across
Agricultural Productivity inTransition Economies
Johan F.M. Swinnen
Farther East, ALP strongly decreased in the first decade of transi�on. On average, ALP decreased by 33% in the European CIS and 30% in Central Asia in the first five years of transi�on. The strong decline in ALP was the result of two effects. First, agricultural output declined strongly in both regions and second, the ou�low of agricultural labor was limited, and in some regions a g r i c u l t u ra l e m p l o y m e nt e ve n increased. From the mid of 1990s, however, the decline in ALP started to slow down and since the beginning of the 2000s ALP has recovered slowly.Everywhere in the region average yields fell during the first years of transi�on and recovered later. However, the depth and length of the fall differed strongly among countries. Average yields recovered considerably from the mid of 1990s onwards in countries such as Hungary, na�ons with rela�vely m o r e l a r g e - s c a l e fa r m i n g a n d investments in the food industry. In contrast, produc�vity recovered more slowly in countries such as Romania, which has a large number of small-scale family farms with difficult access to inputs. Yields declined the most in the European CIS and Central Asia where yields started to increase only from the beginning of the 2000s. Importantly,
the recovery of yields in the European CIS and
C e nt ra l
Asia was so slow that they only recently reached their pre-reform levels.Of course , par�al produc�vi ty measures might exhibit very different pa�erns than would be found using measures of total factor produc�vity (T F P), the most comprehensive m e a s u r e o f p r o d u c � v i t y . Unfortunately, only a few studies have measured total f a c t o r p r o d u c � v i t y ( T F P ) , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y o n l y l i m i t e d comparisons can b e m a d e b e t w e e n countr ies and over �me, the a v a i l a b l e evidence on TFP i s r o u g h l y consistent with t h e e v i d e n c e from the par�al p r o d u c � v i t y indicators.In Central Europe, TFP grew slightly in the first years of transi�on —0.4% annually between 1989 and 1992 and significantly a�erwards: by 2.2% annually between 1992 and 1995 and by 4.4% annually between 1995 and 1998. Studies find a slowdown of TFP growth in the period 1998-2001,
p r o b a b l y d u e t o s u b s t a n � a l i n v e s t m e n t s i n
agri
cultural machinery and capital inputs in this period.In the Balkan countries, the TFP evolu�on fluctuates much more. TFP decreased strongly, by 4.1% per year, from 1989 to 1992. Later there was a stronger recovery when TFP increased by 7.5% per year in the period 1992-1995, but it fell again in the late 1990s with bad macro-economic policies resul�ng in TFP declines of 1.3% annually from 1995 to 1998. A�er 1998 when a series of important reforms were implemented in the region, there was a strong recovery in produc�vity: from 1998 to 2001, TFP grew on average by 2.3% per year.
Causes of Produc�vity ChangesThe produc�vity changes—and the varia�ons in them—were caused by a combina�on of factors. In this sec�on w e r e v i e w a f e w o f t h e m a i n drivers.PictureFirst, ini�al condi�ons
affected produc�vity in two important ways. On the one hand, they directly influenced the impact of reforms; on the other hand, through ins�tu�onal and poli�cal constraints, they also indirectly influenced the choice of the reform policies. For example, the collec�viza�on of agriculture and the introduc�on of central planning occurred in the 1920s in the FSU, but
07
emergence and dynamics of the new private farms, but also the preferences for land reforms: in CEECs households wanted their land back, while in a large part of the FSU households had never owned land since feudalism had directly preceded collec�vist farming.Another condi�on that played an important role was that in Central Europe and the Bal�c States, countries were generally richer and agriculture was less important in the overall economy, compared to countries in Transcaucasia and Central Asia, which were much poorer with rela�vely more important agricultural sectors. The general economic situa�on in a country influenced the extent to which other sectors could absorb surplus labor from agriculture and the development of the social safety net system. Finally, the ou�low of surplus agricultural labor was much stronger in Central Europe than in other countries in the 1990s, in part because the social safety net system was much only a�er World War I I in CEECs. Consequently, rural households in Central Europe had much more experience with private farming than their counterparts in most of the FSU. This difference affected not only thebe�er developed
i n C e n t r a l E u r o p e a n d t h e agricultural sector was
r e l a � v e l y
small.Price liberaliza�on and the subsequent decline in terms of trade strongly affected agricultural produc�vity. The decrease in output prices and the increase in input prices caused a decline in the terms of trade.Ini�al condi�ons, in par�cular resource endowments and use of technology, also affected the rela�ve efficiency of farm organiza�ons and thus incen�ves f o r f a r
m r e s t r u c t u r i n g . R e s o u r c e endowments affect the costs and benefits of shi�ing from corporate farms to family farms. If labor/land ra�os are high, as in countries with labor-intensive technologies, such as in Transcaucasia and the Balkans, the benefits from be�er labor governance by shi�ing to family farms from corporate farms are larger, while the losses in scale economies of shi�ing to
smaller farms are lower. These p r o d u c � v i t y
i n c
en�ves resulted in a strong shi� to small scale farming. In contrast, in more capital- and land-intensive agricultural systems, such as in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the benefits from shi�ing to family farms were lower so that l a rg e - s c a l e c o r p o ra t e fa r m i n g remained more important. In these situa�ons, produc�vity gains came mostly from laying off corporate farm workers.Second, reform choices and their i m p l e m e n ta � o n a l s o m a �e re d importantly— and they differed by c o u n t r y . F o r e x a m p l e , p r i c e liberaliza�on and the subsequent decline in terms of trade strongly affected agricultural produc�vity. The decrease in output prices and the increase in input prices caused a decline in the terms of trade. This contributed to a fall in input use at the start of the reforms, which caused a decrease in the produc�vity of land and labor. The implementa�on of these reforms differed substan�ally between regions. Governments in Central E u r o p e a n d t h e B a l � c s t a t e s drama�cally reduced agricultural subsidies in the first years of transi�on, whereas in some European CIS and countries in Central Asia, reforms were more gradually implemented.PictureA very important element of the reform packages was land reform. There were three types of land reform: res�tu�on of land to the former owners; the physical distribu�on of land to agricultural workers; and the d i s t r i b u � o n o f c e r � fi c a t e s t o agricultural workers. The two first types of land reform, res�tu�on and the physical distribu�on of land, ended up with rela�vely strong and well-defined property rights. While it was expected that res�tu�on of land would lead to a decrease in produc�vity because of the fragmenta�on of land ownership, in many countries res�tu�on contributed to a greater consolida�on of land use because many of the former owners were not interested in farming themselves
08
Price liberalization and the subsequent
decline in terms of trade strongly affected
agricultural productivity. The
decrease in output prices and the
increase in input prices caused a
decline in the terms of trade.
and rented the land to the priva�zed coopera�ve and corporate farms.In the regions that implemented land reforms by distribu�ng cer�ficates, property rights were less-clearly defined and, at least in the first decade of the reforms, output and produc�vity were nega�vely affected as a result. Restric�ons were placed on selling and purchasing of land cer�ficates, which significantly slowed down structural changes and thus produc�vity growth. Second, owners had li�le incen�ve to p u t i n e ff o r t a n d u n d e r t a k e investments because property rights on specific plots were not clearly defined. At the end of the 1990s the situa�on started to improve when land policies were further liberalized, and limited land transac�ons became possible.
F i n a l l y , priva�za�on of farms and agri-food companies l e d t o c o n t r a c � n g prob lems and disrup�ons all along the agri-f o o d c h a i n . Investments by p r i v a t e processors and the reintroduc�on of ver�cal ly coordinated supply chains have been important in overcoming these hold-up problems and improving output, produc�vity and quality of agricultural products. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in the agri-food sector played an important role in these developments through spillover effects on farmers and local food companies. They have c o n t r i b u t e d d r a m a � c a l l y t o produc�vity and quality improvements
and technology transfers.FDI rose strongly in
Centra
l Europe and the Bal�c states. In the Balkan states, the inflow of FDI lagged behind. However, a�er substan�al reforms were introduced at the end of the 1990s, FDI started to increase there as well. In the European CIS, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, FDI inflow has been very low, and increased only in more recent years.
Pa�erns of Produc�vity ChangeIni�al condi�ons, reform policies and investments had a large i m p a c t o n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c � v i t y c h a n g e s throughout the region, but effects varied tremendously among countries and over �me. We dis�nguish four pa�erns. The first group of countries is the most economically advanced countries in Central Europe and
t h e B a l � c s , s u c h a s H u n g a r y, t h e C z e c h Republic, Slovakia and E s t o n i a w h i c h i m p l e m e nte d ra d i ca l reforms. These countries were characterized by rela�vely high incomes, a c a p i t a l - i n t e n s i v e agricultural sector and a big-bang approach to reforms and priva�za�on, including res�tu�on of
land to former owners. The loss from foregone economies of scale was limited because the res�tu�on of agricultural land to p r e v i o u s o w n e r s l e d t o consolida�on of land in large farming enterprises. In addi�on, a massive ou�low of agricultural labor occurred early in transi�on, facilitated by a well-developed social safety net system and radical reforms which stab i l i zed the macroeconomic environment. This ou�low of labor caused substan�al gains in labor produc�vity early on in transi�on.
Later, produc�vity gains were r e i n f o r c e d b y
spillovers from the large inflow of FDI in the agri-food sector. Investments, through ver�cally integrated supply chains, improved farmers' access to credit, technology, inputs and output markets.Another pa�ern was followed by the poorer CEECs, including Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania and Poland. These countries were diverse in their ini�al farm structure. Before transi�on,
Poland already had mainly small, family farms, whereas in Lithuania, Romania and Bulgaria the agricultural sector was concentrated in large corporate farms. However, in all of the countries, labor ou�low from agriculture was limited in the first years of transi�on. In these countries, agriculture served as a social b u ff e r i n � m e s w h e n o v e r a l l unemployment was high and social benefits were low.
09
The restitution of land to former
owners constrained access to land for
young farmers, since that land was given to older people who started farming to complement their small pensions.
The res�tu�on of land to former owners constrained access to land for young farmers, since that land was given to older people who started farming to complement their small pensions. Because the agricultural sector in these countries was rela�vely capital-intensive, the break-up of the corporate farms into small, family farms caused significant losses in economies of scale and yielded only limited gains from the
shedding of labor. Ini�ally, both output and produc�vity declined. In countries such as Poland and Lithuania, output and produc�vity started to recover in the mid-1990s s�mulated by FDI. In Romania and Bulgaria output and produc�vity recovered only slowly, and at the end of the 1990s they decreased again as a result of the financial crisis. From the beginning of the 2000s the ou�low of inefficient labor and the inflow of FDI started a sustained recovery.Third, a group of poor Transcaucasia and Central Asian countries, such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, followed yet another p a � e r n . T h e s e c o u n t r i e s a r e characterized by their poverty and the absence of a good social safety net
system, their labor intensive agricultural systems and
their slower
progress in overall reforms. In these countries, agriculture also provided a buffer role and a labor sink. Reforms caused a strong shi� from large scale t o w a r d s i n d i v i d u a l farming—especia l ly when land distribu�on in kind to households was introduced a�er the failure of the share distribu�on system became evident. The reforms also caused a substan�al inflow of labor into
agriculture, and growth in the importance of more labor-intensive sectors, such as hor�culture and livestock. This caused a decrease in l a b o r p ro d u c � v i t y w h i l e l a n d produc�vity grew. Although there has been substan�al growth in yields, l a b o r p ro d u c � v i t y i s s� l l n ow substan�ally below pre-reform levels in.A fourth pa�ern is followed by a group of middle income FSU countries, including Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine. In these countries, there was almost no ou�low of agricultural labor and, since output fell substan�ally in t h e 1 9 9 0 s , a g r i c u l t u ra l l a b o r produc�vity decl ined strongly. Reforms were implemented only slowly and so� budgets con�nued, which favored the large-scale farms and constrained restructuring, with limited efficiency gains. Only a�er the Russ ian cr i s i s in 1998 d id the
macroeconomic situa�on i m p r o v e
with enhanced compe��veness of the domes�c agricultural sector through exchange rate devalua�ons and the inflow of revenues from increasing oil and mineral prices. This affected in par�cular Russia and Kazakhstan. Ukraine implemented a series of important reforms in the late 1990s. Since then, agricultural produc�vity has increased in these countries as l i q u i d i t y i n t h e e c o n o m y a n d
investments in agriculture i n c r e a s e d . S u r p l u s employment started to d e c l i n e g r a d u a l l y. A n important factor in the growth of produc�vity in the 2 0 0 0 s w a s i n c r e a s e d investments in the food industry which benefited agriculture through ver�cal integra�on. It has taken more than 15 years in the European CIS for labor and land produc�vity to recover to their pre-reform levels.
Prospects for the FutureWhile the recent past has seen posi�ve developments, the future remains uncertain. As documented above, produc�vity has increased significantly throughout the region in the decade since the Russian crisis in 1998. However, the global financial crisis has hit the CEECs and FSU par�cularly hard. Due to a combina�on of factors, some of the countries covered here have experienced declines in output and produc�vity among the worst in the world. Governments throughout the region have tr ied to offset reduc�ons in private finance and investment by the expansion of public support to agriculture.It is unclear at this point to what extent these more recent setbacks or the offse�ng policy s�mulus will have a las�ng effect on the produc�vity developments in the sector, or whether they will only cause a temporary interrup�on in a long run path of produc�vity growth in agriculture.
10
Picture of Anne HarrisFood shortages tend to be a problem for the developing world. Images of famine in Africa or floods in Asia have tugged at the heartstrings and loosened the purse strings of the affluent and influen�al with a growing popula�on demanding
more food, and an agricultural community constrained by lack of land and water while ba�ling demands for greater sustainability, the challenge of feeding the world is falling at the feet of engineers.But that scenario is changing almost as fast as the global economic landscape. It is no longer a regional problem but a very real threat facing the whole of humanity. To feed the growing global popula�on we will need to produce 60 per cent more food by the middle of this century. That is a challenge that cannot be taken too lightly given the increased compe��on for ever scarcer land and water. To
compound ma�ers, agriculture i s u n d e r g r e a t
pressur
popula�on is growing, adding 35 per cent more mouths by the middle of the century. At the same �me the average person is ge�ng richer," he says. Richer people eat more food and more resource-intensive food: beef, for example, converts plant nutrients to muscle at about a quarter the efficiency that chickens do."Richer people ea�ng both more and more luxurious food is en�rely human and has been a hallmark of our behavior throughout history, but it contributes to a projected demand growth of about 60 per cent by mid-century if current trends con�nue,"
Benton adds.Demands on natureThe World Wildlife Fund's 2012 'Living Planet' report suggests that "if everyone lived like an average resident of the USA, a total of four Earths would be required to generate humanity's annual demand on nature".
11
e to increase its sustainability.
T h e s o l u � o n s a re , a s a l w ay s , complicated, mired in economic, poli�cal and social wrangling. But one thing is apparent: technology has a key role to play. Engineering is o�en overlooked as part of the solu�on, but the roles it can play are profound – on the farm and throughout the supply chain.
The UK has recognized the danger and is mobilizing its poli�cal will allied with i t s r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n o l o g y ins�tu�ons. Global Food Security is a m u l � -a g e n c y p r o g r a m b r i n g i n g together the r e s e a r c h interests of the research c o u n c i l s , e x e c u � v e a g e n c i e s a n d government departments. To drive the program forward it appointed a global food security champion two years ago. Professor Tim Benton, from the Univers i ty of Leeds , i s an interdisciplinary scien�st focusing on the rela�onship between food
produc�on and the environment." T h e h u m a n
Agricultural technology to feed the worldAnne Harris
With a growing population demanding more food, and an
agricultural community constrained by lack of land and water while battling demands for greater sustainability, the
challenge of feeding the world is falling at the feet of
engineers.
“if everyone lived like an average resident of the USA, a total of four Earths would be required to generate humani ty ' s annua l demand on nature".Growing more is not as straigh�orward as it has perhaps been in recent decades. Benton points out that there is no more land available, perhaps even less. Then there is increasing compe��on for water; by 2050 over 50 per cent of the world's popula�on may exist in areas where demand has outstripped supply. "Agricultural produc�on currently uses about 70 per cent of the world's available fresh water, and clearly societal and economic use of water (by industry) also exerts a growing demand on a finite supply," he adds. "Thus, any increase in produc�on to meet an increase in demand cannot rely on a propor�onal increase in water use in many areas of the world.
“Agricultural produc�on currently uses about 70 per cent of the world's available fresh water, and clearly societal and economic use of water (by industry) also exerts a growing demand on a finite supply”.Finally, much of the global produc�on growth in recent decades has been underpinned by the
use of a broad range of agro-chemicals, including
synthe�c
fer�lizers and pes�cides. "These can have nega�ve environmental impacts a n d i n s o m e a re a s t h e re i s a considerable need to reduce their use for that reason," Benton con�nues. "Synthe�c nitrogen fer�lizer also
re q u i re s s i g n i fi ca nt e n e rg y to m a n u fa c t u r e , c o n t r i b u � n g t o agriculture's large greenhouse gas footprint [of 20-30 per cent of global emissions]; and again, there is a need to minimize greenhouse gases to prevent extra climate change – which, itself, is likely to act as an increasing constraint on produc�on growth.”
The recent history of agriculture has been that it has not properly valued the natural capital that underpins a range of important local and planetary func�ons, and, indeed, subsidizes a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c � o n : s o i l biodiversity helps with soil fer�lity and carbon storage, vegeta�on and soils filter and clean water providing access to fresh water; insects pollinate crops, increasing yields, and others may be
the natural enemies of pests and so on. "In addi�on to
the constraints on produc�on growth due to climate, water, land and resource a v a i l a b i l i t y , agriculture needs to b e c o m e m o r e e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y friendly to ensure its own sustainability," Benton con�nues. "This is the no�on of ' s u s t a i n a b l e intensifica�on' which i s a b o u t g ro w i n g
y i e l d s o n t h e ex i s� n g a re a o f agricultural land whilst reducing environmental impacts.”
The role of engineeringEngineering is important in all aspects of the supply chain: produc�on, transport, logis�cs, processing, manufacture, storage, packaging, reta i l , consump�on and waste disposal. "There is scope to use exis�ng technologies, based on previous innova�on, to great effect by increasing their deployment, such as RFID boluses that can monitor stomach pH and temperature in ca�le to op�mize welfare and produc�on," Benton says."There is, of course, a huge opportunity to transfer technology and innova�on from other sectors into the food supply chain, such as robo�cs, or remote sensing, into agriculture. And there is a considerable role for both sustaining and disrup�ve innova�on to shape the food supply chain, parts of which are under-considered from an engineering perspec�ve. This is especially true in agriculture, seen as a 'low-tech' industry without sufficient 'pull' to warrant strong interest from the broader engineering community.
"Part of this lack of a�en�on was due to t h e p e rc e p� o n t h at t h e g re e n revolu�on in the 1960s and 1970s had solved the problem, which has been overturned since the food price spike in
12
"if everyone lived like an average resident of the USA, a total of four Earths would
be required to generate humanity's annual demand
on nature".
13
2007/08 and some of the global ramifica�ons of this," Benton adds. "Globally, the need for investment in engineering applica�ons to agriculture and food has increasingly been recognized.”The complete cycle"Ask the man in the street about agricultural engineering and they immediately think of tractors and p l o u g h s a n d m a y b e c o m b i n e harvesters," "In fact engineering and technology applies to the whole spectrum from the soil and the water, which is the whole basis of crop produc�on right through to maintaining the quality of the
products and mee�ng the needs of the supermarkets”."Ask the man in the street about agricultural engineering and they immediately think of tractors and ploughs and maybe combine h a r v e s t e rs , " Pe t e r Re d m a n o f professional body the Ins�tu�on of Agricultural Engineers explains. "In fact engineering and technology applies to the whole spectrum from the soil and the water, which is the whole basis of crop produc�on right through to maintaining the quality of the products a n d m e e� n g t h e n e e d s o f t h e supermarkets.
"It deals with everything from growing,
h a r
ve s� n g , m a i nta i n i n g , s to ra ge , protec�on from disease – they all have engineering inputs. Almost without excep�on the development of new
science in agriculture will need engineering to deliver it. What are bringing it all into focus is the recogni�on of global food shortages,
changes in diet, limita�on of land, and the scarcity of water."PictureThe UK's response has included the recent publica�on of the agri-tech strategy recogniz ing the importance of agriculture and food as an industrial sector and s�mula�ng its growth. This is coupled to recogni�on also within the higher-educa�on community and the funders of research that this area needs more support than in recent decades. "That the I E T is a lso recognizing the importance of the area, and s�mula�ng interest from the community is really very welcome – given the huge societal challenge created by food insecurity we need the brightest and most innova�ve minds
to engage with this area," B e n t o n
concludes.T h e fi r s t r o l e fo r a g r i c u l t u ra l engineering was the replacement of labor. It replaced the drudgery or made tasks possible that weren't before. "This is a weather-dependent industry and some�mes we get a very small window of opportunity so you have to have the capacity to deal with that opening," Redman con�nues. "Having established the replacement of labor it now became a ma�er of adding precision and intelligence to the processes while also managing this with less environmental damage."The other area where engineering has played a key role is the reduc�on of
waste and pollu�on. It has been a gradual process; precision agriculture has not happened overnight.”
Lacking in researchThe fear is that the UK has neglected its agricultural engineering research for so long that it now has to catch up. In days gone by Silsoe Research Ins�tute, formerly the Na�onal Ins�tute of Agricultural Engineering was a world-renowned organiza�on providing innova�on, research and technology around the globe."They don't have an undergraduate teaching ability, so that feedstock of c a p a c i t y h a s b e e n s e r i o u s l y undermined," Redman says. "What is needed now is firstly the recogni�on of that deficiency and secondly the invita�on to the marketplace to play a
14
“Agricultural production currently uses about 70 per cent of the world's available
fresh water, and clearly societal and economic use of water (by industry) also
exerts a growing demand on a finite supply”.
part in revitalizing that. I personally am not in favor of crea�ng another piece of infrastructure that is specific to agr icultural engineer ing – i t i s important that engineers work alongside other technologists."
This gap in exper�se and engineers suggests that the market has failed in its role, but Redman explains it is simply a ma�er of different priori�es. "The market does its job," Redman argues. "It does it progressively. There are
pieces of innova�on that have been delivered such
a s t h e
h i g h - s p e e d t r a c t o r a n d robo�c milker." I f t h e r e ' s a n immediate and commercial need for a product the m a r k e t i s prepared to take the risk. Where the market isn't prepared to take the risk is in some of these 'blue-sky' innova�ons; that are where there needs to be some i n p u t f r o m government and t h e y h a v e
responded with the agri-tech strategy ini�a�ve."The theory is that there will be funding for catapults and issue-based ini�a�ves. The one thing that funding packages requires is that government funding is matched pound for pound by industry”.
Sensing the way" T h e r e a r e m a n y w a y s t h a t engineering is helping agriculture but there is much more that we can do if we add intelligence such as sensors," Redman says. "The capability of s e n s i n g i s d r i v i n g l o t s o f t h e innova�on, but sensing i n t h e biological processes, b e c a u s e agriculture takes place out in the fi e l d . P re c i s i o n a n d sensing are v i ta l , but
only if
that is coupled with an understanding of what you need to sense and why. It's not just a ma�er of informa�on but energy informa�on."PictureOne area that is garnering a good deal of interest is computer vision and machine guidance for weed control. "There is a problem with the use of pes�cides par�cularly if the crop is going to be consumed directly, such as in salad," Redman explains. "What we need to do is control the weeds using the minimum amount of chemicals. So first we need to be able to differen�ate between the plant and the weed. If we can do that we can direct a mechanism to take out the weed or spray it with a �ny amount of chemical."With the plants iden�fied the next task is delivering just the op�mum amount of chemical. "We are concerned with aerodynamics, the behavior of crops, the crea�on of small amounts of material delivered precisely. The other part of that is again sensing whether the crop is exposed to disease or pest a�ack."There is also research required in soil and water management. It is important to avoid compac�ng soil as that prevents oxygen ge�ng in and water flowing through it. 'Controlled-traffic farming' is being developed, using a set wheel-base and GPS tracking to keep the traffic in one lane and cause less damage to the field as a whole. This
15
"Ask the man in the street about agricultural engineering and
they immediately think of tractors and ploughs and
maybe combine harvesters," "In fact engineering and
technology applies to the whole spectrum from the soil and the water, which is the whole basis of crop production right through to maintaining the quality of the
products and meeting the needs of the supermarkets”.
method also looks at reducing the soil load from machines by increasing their surface area. This can be done either by using a track instead of wheels or by making sure that �re pressures and loading are appropriate without losing trac�on.When it comes to water, quan�ty is the key. "You need to have water available to the crop when it is growing," Redman says. "That means that you need water storage. You need to know when the crop is going to make use of that water so it is a ques�on of understanding the soil condi�on and
how much the crop needs. Then you need to apply just the right amount of water without any waste – precision irriga�on. A lot of these technologies have been developed for more arid areas of the world that can be brought back to more temperate regions.”As for the future Redman believes that changes will be incremental. "I think the farm of the future will have some robo�c devices; it will be collec�ng data across the whole system including the marketplace. It will include informa�on about the status of the soil in rela�on to weather and disease
forecas�ng. All of these data streams will be combined to enable the farm land to be managed more strategically and how to manage it at a day to day basis.”The quest to secure the food supply will be an ongoing process. In previous decades we have been somewhat complacent, assuming that access to food is only a real issue for the poorest in the developing world. However, as we are increasingly recognizing, the �me for complacency is over and this is a growing issue for every society.
16
The Future of Agriculture: Smart FarmingFederico Guerrini
The agricultural sector is going to face enormous challenges in order to feed the 9.6 billion people that the FAO predicts are going to inhabit the planet by 2050: food production must increase by 70% by 2050, and this has to be achieved in spite of the limited availability of arable lands, the increasing need for fresh water (agriculture consumes 70 per cent of the world's fresh water supply) and other less predictable factors, such as the impact of climate change, which, according a recent report by the UN could lead, among other things, to changes to seasonal events in the life cycle of plant and animals.
One way to address these issues and increase the quality and quantity of agricultural production is using sensing technology to make farms more “intelligent” and more connected thorugh the so-called “precision agriculture” also known as 'smart farming'.
It's something that's already happening, as corporations and farm offices collect vast amounts of information from crop yields, soil-mapping, fertilizer applications, weather data, machinery, and animal health. In a subset of smart farming, Precision Livestock Farming (PLF), sensors are used for monitoring and early detection of reproduction events and health disorders in animals.
Typical monitored data are the body temperature, the animal activity, tissues resistivity, pulse and the GPS position. SMS alerts can be sent to the breeder based on predefined events, say, if a cow is ready for reproduction.
The European Union has sponsored several projects on the topic during the Seventh Framework Program and, now, during Horizon 2020. The currently running EU-PLF project for instance, is designed to look at the feasibility of bringing proven and cost-effective Precision Livestock Farming tools from the lab to the farm.
Several private companies are also starting to be active in this field, such as Anemon (Switzerland), eCow (UK), Connected Cow (Medria Technologies and Deutsche Telekom. Smart fishing is at initial stage with some projects in Europe, South Korea, North America and Japan.
“Precision agriculture is not new. The agricultural vehicle manufacturers (John Deere, CNH Global, Class and others) have been involved in this segment for some time. Initially, it was about position technologies
(GNSS) mainly, but it is becoming more complex moving towards the idea of a connected harvester,” Beeachm Research's principal analyst, Saverio Romeo tells me.”
farming opera�ons f rom thei r onboard computers; they hardly even have to steer,” explains Professor Stefan Bö�nger from the Ins�tute of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Hohenheim. Liberated from monotonous work in shi�s las�ng 12-14 hours, farmers can now concentrate on op�miz ing the workflow. Just like modern cars, the onboard computers in farmers' tractors display important informa�on on speed, fuel consump�on and the status of the sowing opera�on. Onboard computers can also control agricultural implements a�ached to the tractor, such as plows or planters. Previously, each piece o f machinery had its own s e t o f controls.Not so long ago, farmers would have to drive over t h e m e a d o w , s t o p e a c h �me the baler finished pressing or rolling a bale, and unload it by hand before driving on again. Modern balers, on the other hand, can calculate the speed of both tractor and
17
baler, bring them both to a halt at the right moment and dump the bales on their own – the whole process is automated. “The growing use of hi-tech farm machinery is enabling farmers to work more efficiently and more economically,” says Hermann Beck, head of Z F 's Off-Highway Systems business unit.
Smart all-in-one systemOne important prerequisite for agricultural innova�on is the seamless interconnec�on of the individual applica�ons to form a single smart, streamlined, al l - in-one system. Modern agricultural machines have
two different interfaces for enabling the individual subsystems to talk to each other. The first interface, known as the CAN bus system, is primarily used to control internal systems such as engine and transmission.By contrast, the second system (ISOBUS) works closely with farmers,
The big tractor stops on the edge of the plowed field while the farmer types final instruc�ons into the onboard computer. It's a perfect day for plan�ng the spring wheat – as the farm's o p e r a � n g s y s t e m h a d a l r e a d y
calculated, based on meteorological d a t a , s o i l s a m p l e s a n d g r a i n characteris�cs. At last, with a couple of clicks, the farmer enters the speed se�ng and launches the sowing program. For the next few hours, he'll leave most of the work to the tractor's onboard systems. Using laser scanners and GPS, the tractor will find its way around the field almost unassisted. The farmer can concentrate en�rely on the sowing process, without having to worry about clutch or gearshi�s.PictureWhat once sounded futuris�c is rapidly becoming rou�ne. “Modern farmers sit in the cockpits of their farm
machines and monitor the p r o g r e s s o f
Agriculture: The Hi-Tech way to farm
A growing world population, the impact of climate change and
dwindling resources are among the major challenges now
facing the agricultural industry. Along with the development of new crop types, state-of-the-art
agricultural machinery offers the best hope for the future.
the groundwater. Now researchers at the University of Bremen have come up with a possible solu�on. The soil in the field is a n a l yze d u s i n g a s m a l l c h e m i ca l laboratory.
ZF technology in agricultureZF engineers built the company's first tractor transmission back in 1937; today, almost all of the major manufacturers of agricultural machinery rely on ZF's con�nuously variable transmissions (CVTs). Over the decades, these systems have made huge strides in terms of s o p h i s � c a � o n a n d p e r fo r m a n c e .
18
Nowadays, farm machines producing up to 650 horsepower run smoothly on ZF's heavy-duty CVTs. Just like driver-assist systems, modern powertrain technologies take the strain out of farmers' daily work –
and because they maintain a perfect balance between engine speed and gearing, they also reduce fuel consump�on. In �mes of scarce resources and h i g h o i l p r i c e s , t h a t ' s a n important cost considera�on for farmers.C u � n g c o s t s , r e d u c i n g workloads and protec�ng the environment are by no means the only reasons why the use of hi-tech systems in farms is exploding. “Already, farmers in
Germany and France are harves�ng four or five �mes as much wheat from their fields as farmers in the U.S. or Russia,” says Bö�nger. “Using modern systems, we're further increasing produc�vity and crop yields,” he adds. This high efficiency is immensely important in interna�onal compe��on – not least because farmers in Russia and the U.S. have on average 3 to 4 �mes and much acreage available to them.
enabling them to control, for example, plowing or sowing implements directly from their onboard computers. But smart communica�on between systems extends far beyond the farm vehicle itself. Currently, farmers have high hopes for development work in progress on so-ca l led “s lave systems”, whereby the main farm machine a c t s a s t h e l e a d v e h i c l e , interac�ng with a flock of smaller, (semi-) autonomous, unmanned vehicles.A n o t h e r m a j o r t h e m e p re o c c u p y i n g a g r i c u l t u ra l visionaries is “precision farming”. Typically, this vision of the future involves agricultural machines that not only know precisely where they are in the field, but also how much seed and fer�lizer they need to distribute in each part of the field. Gauging exactly how much fer�lizer to apply has always been one of farming's most problema�c challenges. Fer�lizer in the soil is mobile: it's difficult to tell whether crops are receiving enough nitrates, or whether the nitrogen is making its way straight into
Low input production systems: innovation in mechanization for food securityGajendra Singh - Doon University, India
With growing population food security remains a major challenge in many countries in Asia. As poverty is quite prevalent more than half the malnourished and under nourished people live in Asia. The share of agricultural labor is decreasing and urbanization is increasing. The share of agricultural sector in GDP is decreasing faster than decrease in agricultural labor force. In most countries power availability per hectare is increasing rapidly and this varies from region to region in the same country. The level of mechanization varies from crop to crop within same country. The labor productivity has increased with increased level of mechanization.Main challenges for mechanization include:
1) Small land holdings (average size is only about 1 ha) and majority of the farmers have low investment capacity.
2) The use of sub-standard manufacturing technology producing poor quality products performing poor quality work, giving poor fuel economy and resulting in injuries and fatal accidents.
Present low level of mechanization in many countries provides opportunities for growth by improved efficiency of utilization of machines available with farmers through custom hiring to neighbor farmers and or through larger operational holdings. There should be greater regional cooperation in information sharing, collaborative R&D,
harmonization of standards, capacity building and trade and investment facilitation. There is a need for favorable government policies and manufacturing processes need improvements to produce
quality machines with improved safety standards.
There is need to develop and / or adopt low energy consumption machines and practices like no-till drills / planters
and conservation agriculture.
Two weeks ago, I joined my dad, Frank, on a trip to Lancaster County, Pa., where he received a soil health award from a farm associa�on and spoke at its annual field days event. We added a day to our trip to see three farm equipment dealers in the highly compe��ve, and concentrated, area.It was an interes�ng trip in numerous ways, including the diverse equipment and number of short lines carried unique territory assignments and varied customer base (Amish farmers next to sophis�cated corn growers and animal producers). But it was the drive out to see long�me contributor Dave Dum and Don Hoover at Binkley & Hurst (B&H) that proved the most thought-provoking for t h e fl i g h t home.PictureWhen we arrived at the Li�tz, Pa. store (B&H has 6 ag loca�ons), Dum met us in the parking lot and said Hoover wanted to meet with us before we toured the shop. Usually, these site visits consist of us asking a few ques�ons to get a feel for the market before a tour. But at this mee�ng, the
tables were turned and we were being interviewed on an
i n d u s t r y
A n d e v e n w h e n remaining farm kids do c o m e o f workforce age, many have seen enough of t h e i r p a r e n t s ' tailings to d e s i r e a different lifestyle; more in line with their millennial peers. Those workforce preferences (B&H even had an applicant ask for the en�re summer off) are going
t o b e h a r d e r fo r a dealership to sa�sfy.Outdated views of the i n d u s t r y a n d i t s a d v a n c e m e n t a n d e a r n i n g p o w e r c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e p ro b l e m , i n c l u d i n g u n f o r e s e e n s p o t s . H o o v e r r e c e n t l y discovered a community c o l l e g e ' s re p o r t o f industry posi�ons was ci�ng income for a farm equipment tech that
was decades old — about 50% of what today's techs are earning. “No wonder some haven't been looking at careers in farm equipment,” he says, no�ng the myriad industries, including large companies, compe�ng for the very same talent. Cau�onary note:
wide topic that this group of managers had been rolling up its sleeves on. And we spent 90 minutes or so on it. Hoover called his Execu�ve Leadership Team together to meet with us along with a few others, including nephew Kur�s Eby (a college junior and B&H intern represen�ng the student's viewpoint), to talk to us about future talent — a topic that can be easily d i s m i s s e d w h e n l a y o ff s a t manufacturers and, to a lesser extent, dealers, con�nue to make headlines. Hoover and his team are concerned about where tomorrow's talent (in all job func�ons) will be drawn from. They wanted to know how much of a
concern it is for dealers in other states and also what progressive dealers (like our Dealership of the Year Alumni) are doing to contend with it.PictureFewer independent farms
today mean fewer farm kids in the talent pool.
19
Dr Mike Lessiter
Vision for Tomorrow Requires Solutions Today
Check and correct the numbers used by instructors in your area. With several a c q u i s i � o n s s i n c e t h e n e w management group took over in 2006, Hoover says the company survived on hard-working and capable techs who farm themselves, and who appreciate the scheduling flexibility and freedom B&H affords them to look a�er their own farms. But, he knows this model isn't a long-term solu�on for the next-level support that'll be required. “The technology will move faster than a dealership will be able to keep up.”Asked about the age breakdown on his payroll and when the situa�on is going to hit “code-red,” Hoover answered in the past tense. “It was about 2012,” he
says. “A lot of people have about 10 years le�.”With a talent vacuum just years away, perhaps our recrui�ng pitches should talk about the amount of gray hair in the industry. While it'll be hard to compete with big business on wages, r e � r e m e n t s w i l l b r i n g q u i c k advancement opportunity to those willing to grab it.In our previous careers, Execu�ve
Editor Dave Kanicki and I served at separate
� m e s
create and protect prac�cal, job-ready curriculums. And while scholarships certainly don't ensure career choices, a s i g n i fi c a n t n u m b e r o f t o d a y ' s contributors had earned scholarships and learned about the industry through the organiza�on.Is it �me for our industry to organize around this issue and get serious — with an industry wide effort — about s e c u r i n g t h e n e x t g e n e r a � o n workforce? Let's get some dialog going on what our industry can and ought to do today, to be prepared for the needs of tomorrow.Companies with vision end up crea�ng their own problems to solve, and B&H is “on it.” Not only are they brainstorming out-of-the-box
ideas, but also how to collaborate with the very dealers they compete with for both sales and talent. The three compe�ng dealer groups in the area met on the issue, and agree a unified effort has merit. “We've got to find a be�er path,” says Hoover. “It's a crisis and it isn't going to get any be�er.”Is it �me for our industry to organize around this issue and get serious — with an industry wide effort — about s e c u r i n g t h e n e x t g e n e r a � o n workforce? Let's get some dialog going on what our industry can and ought to do today, to be prepared for the needs of tomorrow.
on a board of trustees of the Foundry Educa�onal Founda�on (FEF), an
organiza�on created to address the same issues we're talking about here and to proac�vely work to get a shot at a�rac�ng talent to a compara�vely smaller industry segment compe�ng
with higher profiles and sexier industries. The FEF began with a small campaign of pledges from companies in 1947 to a�ract technical manpower to the foundry industry, and grew into a fully s u p p o r t e d , N o r t h A m e r i c a n associa�on (in an industry with fewer enterprises than the dealer industry). Not only does it present scholarships to students at 19 colleges and universi�es at a unique na�onal event each year that exposes the top industry execu�ves to students and
faculty, but it also provides support for the instructors that
h e l p s
20
Is it time for our industry to organize around this issue and get serious — with an industry wide effort — about securing
the next generation workforce? Let's get some dialog going on
what our industry can and ought to do today, to be
prepared for the needs of tomorrow.
Machinery such as tractors and power
tools, pose the greatest injury risk on
the farm. Na�on-wide in 1990 there
were 1,300 deaths and 120,000
disabling injuries in the profession of
agriculture. Of these deaths and
injuries, 46% of the injuries and 64% of
the deaths were tractor and machinery
related (1,3,6). It is important to be
safety conscious when dealing with any
job that requires the use of machinery.
Sta�s�cs show that the majority of
machinery related accidents occur as
the result of human negligence. Errors
include taking shortcuts to save �me,
failure to read the operators manual,
ignoring a warning, improper or lack of
instruc�on and failure to follow safety
rules.
The most commonly u�lized pieces of
equipment around the farm are
tractors, trucks, wagons, mowers,
spreaders, grinders, blowers, augers,
post hole diggers, shredders, balers,
rakes, combines, and all-terrain
vehicles (AT Vs). No ma�er how
different they are in structure, they all,
if used improperly or carelessly, can be
fatal. 50% of total farm fatali�es involve
and 14% are machinery related. A
b r e a k d o w n o f t h e
m a c h i n e r y
related fatali�es are as followed; 34%
corn pickers, 11% silage handling, 11%
hay baling, 11% manure handling, and
33% other misce l laneous farm
machinery.
Safety sta�s�cs show that the majority
of farm-related injuries occur between
10 a.m. and noon, with the period
between 3 and 5 p.m. second highest4.
It has been established that these �me
periods are when fa�gue is most likely
to occur, and
concentra�on is
not as sharp. It is
a good prac�ce
to take periodic
breaks to lessen
f a � g u e .
Climbing down
off the tractor
a n d w a l k i n g
a ro u n d fo r a
c o u p l e o f
m i n u t e s w i l l
h e l p r e l i e v e
s t r e s s a n d
boredom.
Children have the highest rate of
machinery-related injur ies and
fatali�es. Workers over the age of 65
do not have an excessive number of
injuries, but the likelihood of an injury
being fatal is the greatest. Between
1985 and 1989, 50% of total
f a r m
fatali�es involved children under the
age of 14 and workers over the age of
65. In over of the age of 65 groups, two-
thirds of the fatali�es were tractor
related. The majority of child deaths
resulted being extra passengers on
machinery and being run-over. The
most common injuries in children
involving equipment include: corn or
grain augers, tractors, ATVs, power
take-offs, belt or chain a�achments,
hay balers, and pitch-forks. Because of
the seriousness of machinery-related
accidents, many injuries result in
permanent disabili�es; such as the loss
of an arm, leg, fingers, toes, or a
decreased range of mo�on. More than
three-quarters require surgery or
an�bio�c treatment for bacterial
infec�on or both.
21
Farm Equipment Safety:Recognizing and Understanding the Hazards
Machinery and Equipment Storage
Buildings
There are numerous precau�ons that
should be observed when storing
machinery on the farm. Precau�ons
include:
Buildings where machinery and
power tools are stored should be
located far enough away from
structures that house livestock and
hay in case of fire.
Fuel storage tanks
should preferably be
l o c a t e d b e l o w
g r o u n d , a n d a
minimum of 40 feet
from the nearest
s t r u c t u r e . F u e l
cannot be stored in
the same structure
a s m a c h i n e r y o r
power tools. Tanks
should be properly
vented . I f ab ove
ground, the area
a ro u n d t h e ta n k
should be free of
li�er, weeds and any
fuel spills that could aid in star�ng or
accelera�ng the spread of a fire.
Fuel tanks should be adequately
protected from being struck by
machinery. An approved 10 B:C fire
ex�nguisher should be located near
all fuel pumps and tanks.
∙ Electrical lines
c o m i n g
into the building
should be h igh
e n o u g h t o
f a c i l i t a t e
e q u i p m e n t
p a s s i n g
underneath.
Electrical systems
in machine sheds
s h o u l d b e
sufficient for the
power tools and
equipment that will require the use
of electric current.
Electric outlets should be of the
three-prong grounded type.
Machinery storage buildings should
not be used to store debris.
Doors on machine sheds should be
wide enough for machinery to safely
pass through without being caught.
Doors also need to pull or slide open
and close freely in case of an
emergency.
Exits should be clearly marked.
Doors should be lockable to keep
out children and unwanted visitors.
Floor surfaces should be level and
s m o o t h , f re e o f b u m p s a n d
protruding rocks.
Equipment should be parked so
there is enough space for a
person to
walk completely around it.
Buildings should have adequate
ven�la�on for the star�ng or
running of an engine within the
structure. (Note - engines should
not be le� running inside a building
for a prolonged period of �me
unless exhaust is properly being
vented externally).
All tools and accessory equipment
should be kept picked up and stored
in their proper place, e.g., air hoses,
oil cans, spare �res, jacks.
Keys should always be removed
from all equipment or machinery to
prevent children or unauthorized
people from star�ng them.
Do not allow non-employees inside
the machine shed. Children should
never be allowed to play around or
inside the machine shed or on farm
machinery itself.
It is important to be
able to recognize
poten�al hazardous
areas on machinery.
These areas include:
pinch points, shear
p o i n t s , c u � n g
points, crush points,
w ra p p i nt s , a n d
springs.
Pinch Point is an
area where two
rota�ng surfaces
m e e t s u c h a s
f e e d r o l l e r s ,
gears or a belt
running around a pulley. Extremi�es
can be caught in pinch points
directly, or be drawn in by loose
fi�ng clothing that has become
entangled in the rota�ng parts.
Shear Point is an area where the
edges of two surfaces come
together in a manner so as to cut a
so�er material placed between the
surfaces. Shear points are found on
shrubbery shears or grain augers.
The resul�ng injury is usually
amputa�on.
23
Cu�ng Point is found on machinery
designed to cut such as mowers and
harvesters. The blades move with a
rapid mo�on o�en unseen by the
eye. Injuries are of the same nature
as those caused by a shear point.
Crush Point occurs when two
objects are joined; either with both
ends moving towards each other or
with one being sta�onary. Fingers
and hands are o�en injured by
crushing between a draw bar and
wagon hitch. Numerous fatali�es
occur when people helping the
o p e r a t o r o r t h e o p e r a t o r
him/herself is crushed between
pieces of equipment or equipment
and a solid object such as a wall or
tree.
Springs are found on numerous
pieces of farm machinery. When a
spring is compressed, 'energy' is
'stored' within the spring. When the
spring is expanded, the energy is
released. The larger the spring the
greater the amount of energy
produced. When springs break they
explode with great force and can
infl ict ser ious damage. I t i s
important to inspect spr ings
regularly for cracks and wear.
Wrap Point is any moving point on a
piece of equipment where clothing
or long hair may become entangled
such as a Power Take Off (PTO) sha�.
A wrap point grabs the vic�m and
actually wraps him/her around the
moving part or it can also draw the
vic�m into the machine. Tangled
clothing can wrap �ght enough to
crush, amputate or suffocate the
vic�m. All wrap points on machinery
should be shielded if possible.
24
Sustainable Development
The world is in transition to one in which there will be more people, greater consumption of materials and resources, more global interdependence, and a need to reduce poverty without destroying the environment. Over the past two decades, “sustainability” has become a principal concept in integrating technological, economic, social, and political issues to address environmental protection and economic development. The future depends on harnessing the power of modern technologies, consistent with the interests of the poor and hungry and with respect for the environment. Agriculture, as a source for food, natural raw materials for bio industries, and energy, will increasingly be a major driver of this transition. “Definitions” abound for sustainable development. I prefer to think of it as a “process” of redirection, reorientation, and reallocation—an evolving process rather than a static definition. I see sustainable development as a fundamental redesign of technological, economic, and sociological processes to address change. To get beyond the various images of sustainable development, there is a need to develop a “science” of sustainability and systems of implementation. This leads me to suggest that the process of transition to a sustainable world will include:
Streamlining processes and reusing materials with a goal of zero waste.
Embracing new technologies of information science, biotechnology (genomics and integrative molecular biology), and advanced materials to reduce environmental problems while increasing economic productivity.
Utilizing renewable resources for energy to reduce or eliminate our dependence on fossil fuels.
Developing sustainable communities based on the efficient use of space, increased conservation of materials and energy resources, and reduced transportation.
Improving community livability and developing more efficient administrative and planning processes to demonstrate ecological living that is economically and socially desirable.
Developing sustainable agriculture as a principal component of sustainable communities where use of fossil fuels, insecticides, herbicides and inorganic fertilizer is minimized or eliminated.
Focusing on newer and innovative sustainable enterprises such as bio-based industrial products.
The challenge is to rethink how the material needs of society can be met by using agriculturally based systems. This rethinking involves an integration of science and engineering with an emphasis on ecological processes and
socioeconomic phenomena. Technologies such as biotechnologies, information systems, and control and management systems will play a key role in inventing new processes and ensuring their effective
and efficient execution (at the highest possible quality and lowest cost).Norman R. Scott
Department of Agricultural andBiological Engineering
Cornell University
or her plants.
Crop and field scou�ng are crucial for each stage of the crop lifespan. Pre-seeding field scou�ng can show a farmer weed popula�ons, including what weeds are growing and what growth stage the weeds are in. When it's �me to seed, field scou�ng can show the farmer informa�on to lead
them to choose what seed depth or seed rate they should plant at, as well as early indicators of seed treatments or selec�on. A�er the seeding is completed, frequent scou�ng will help to show farmers damaged seeds, early signs of pests, and many other factors. When crops begin to germinate and become established and rooted,
con�nued scou�ng can help
Crop Scouting:Precision Technology Uses inCrop Scouting
25
to prevent weed damage, pest damage, and post-spray pes�cide or fer�lizer performance. It is important to keep scou�ng on regular intervals through the plant's life, as this scou�ng could reveal pest issues, soil moisture issues, and a variety of other risk that could be fought against. Crop Scou�ng tells farmers a huge amount about their plants, and can help them to
improve yield, and maximize crop efficiency.As precis ion agriculture technologies have advanced, farmers have been helped greatly when it comes to crop s c o u � n g . Fo r exa m p l e , instead of field notebooks, there are several different m o b i l e a p p s t h a t a r e compa�ble with different types of mobile devices, including tablet computers and smartphones that help farmers keep accurate logs of their fields, while also giving them the opportunity to cross
compare these notes with previous years or different areas of the fields. Also with the advancement of Global Pos i�oning Systems ( G P S ) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), farmers don't even need to walk through their fields. These new technologies can help to show farmers informa�on that humans cannot see with the naked eye, as well as accurately pin-point where target
Crop scou�ng, also known as field scou�ng, is the very basic ac�on of traveling through a crop field while making frequent stops for observa�ons. Crop scou�ng is done so that a farmer can see how different areas of his or her field are growing. If there are problems during the growing season, the farmer can work to mi�gate them so those problems do not affect yield at harvest �me. Should problems go unno�ced or uncared for during the growing season, they can poten�ally limit the total yield, thus reducing the revenue from the sale of the crop or other inten�ons for the crop, such as livestock feed.
There are many different methods of crop scou�ng. While the tradi�onal methods can include walking through the field and observing plants manually, par�cular pieces of equipment are s�ll used, including field notes so the farmer can keep account of plants and areas that need more a�en�on, a pocket knife and bags for sample taking, and finally a hand magnifica�on lens so the farmer
can get a close look and be�er idea of the health
of his
Crop Scouting:Precision Technology Uses in Crop Scouting
areas are to provide assistance.
GPS Use in Crop Scou�ngGlobal posi�oning systems are an extremely useful tool when it comes to the advancement of crop scou�ng in precision agriculture. Crop scou�ng has always relied on farmers remembering where they have scouted and taking note of that, although with the use of GPS, farmers now have an accurate recording of up to one foot of where they have been. With this precise loca�on data they can make notes and have specific loca�ons of where pests, poor soil temperature or moisture are located. With the preciseness of global posi�oning systems farmers can also accurately mi�gate threats that they find in their fields.GPS has now been incorporated into many different pieces of technology which help farmers to scout their fields much more efficiently and accurately. An example of these technologies includes different apps that are available for tablets or smartphones. These apps help farmers to not only mark their exact loca�on in a field, but also make field notes, compare notes from previous years and more. These
apps can help to show a farmer where exactly on an
a e r i a l
photo of their farm target areas of issue are, as well as helping farmers to make future decisions based on past crop issues they have had.
UAV in Crop Scou�ngUAV's are one piece of technology that have been developed and p e r f e c t e d f o r agricultural purposes in the past 10 years.
UAV's also known as unmanned aerial vehicles, are constantly being perfected and developed to be more efficient, easy to use, and effec�ve. Two main models of UAV's used in agriculture are the fixed wing pla�orm, which is very similar to a plane, although it is scaled down and controlled with a remote control or
GPS. The second model is the mul�-copter - this model is similar to a helicopter although it generally has more propellers - some mul�-copters have any where between 4 – 8 propellers. The more propellers that are added to a mul�-copter typically provide more stability and power to the machine, this makes it easier to fly and maneuver in d ifferent weather
co n d i � o n s . Ty p i ca l l y m u l � -
copters are preferred on smaller farms where landing space is limited, while planes are usually be�er suited for extremely large farms.UAV's have assisted the agricultural sector by combining their technology with that of infrared cameras. These two pieces of technology combined mean that a farmer can get a bird's eye view of his or her farm and see their crops from a whole new perspec�ve. UAV's are also capable to use these infrared cameras to render a variety of different informa�on, including: what species are in their fields (weed and crop scou�ng), moisture levels of the soil or plants, plant development stages, plant health, and much more. These UAV's give farmers a more holis�c view of what is happening in their fields and with the use of these UAV's, farmers are able to be�er understand their crops not just on a field by field basis, but on a plant by
plant basis. This is because some UAV's are carry cameras capable of showing one pixel as one foot of land, this means that the farmer can see each foot of land on their field and understand a wide range of informa�on about that par�cular piece of field. UAV's are helping farmers to undertake more accurate farming prac�ces and with this precision comes be�er yield.
26
technological innova�on so it may be considered the mother of all future innova�ons. A second major step took place in M i d d l e A g e w i t h s i g n i fi c a n t improvements in the agricultural techniques and technologies. The development of handcra�s and
processing of iron improved the produc�on of agricultural implements such plough and hand tools as well as animal trac�on techniques with horse shoes and harnesses. Then with the advent of the Age of Enlightenment in 1700 which extends
the applica�on of the analy�cal
Agricultural mechanization:Development of civilization
27
method and mark the beginning of m o d e r n s c i e n c e , a g r i c u l t u r e undergoes a major transforma�on of both the farming system and the technical means that from “tools” evolve into “machines” in the modern sense. Thus began the drama�c development of mechaniza�on of the last three centuries that led to increase by more than a thousand �mes the produc�vity of human labor thus reduc ing employees in agriculture to 12% of a c � v e p o p u l a � o n i n m o r e industrialized countries. Nowadays agricultural mechaniza�on is facing two major challenges: from one side to produce food supplies for a growing popula�on that is expected to rise to 10 billion in a few decades and on the other hand protect and preserve the environment. An addi�onal global strategic role of mechaniza�on is its key role in the improvement of economic condi�ons of the less developed countries: a low level in agricultural engineering in generally associate to a high level of
The long journey of human civiliza�on began 10.000 years ago when humans, un�l then hunter-gatherers, thanks to the advent of agriculture had access to a food surplus that led to the forma�on of permanent human se�lements. From then un�l three centuries ago the development of human society was
based on technical development of tools and facili�es dedicated to primary economic sector and therefore it can be said that the “agricultural engineering”
- in its earliest and simplest forms - was the first
o f
“The development of handcrafts and processing
of iron improved the production of agricultural implements such plough and hand tools as well as animal traction techniques
with horse shoes and harnesses”.
Look under the bonnet of a Kubota and you will find something very special.Three words that convey trust, quality and engineering excellence, Mode in
Don’t compromise. For your own peace of mind, insist on 100% Kubota.
Contact your local Kubota dealership or contact on +91 9940337618 | Email: [email protected]
For Earth, For Lifewww.kubota.com
p o v e r t y w h i l e a g r i c u l t u r a l mechaniza�on can reduce the number o f p e o p l e w o r k i n g i n agriculture and increase the GDP of the country. T h e e x c e p � o n a l development of agricultural machinery industry of the last decades is based on a growing globaliza�on and on a worldwide networking and coopera�on in order to reduce the produc�on costs and to increase the quality. Driving forces of modern farm machinery are automa�on and electronics with enormous progress in
diffusion of IT technologies that have led to tremendous improvement in
both efficiency and produc�vity of m a c h i n e r y a n d e nv i ro n m e n t a l protec�on during opera�ons as has
o�en been discussed in the Club of Bologna.
The contr ibu�on of mechaniza�on to the goa l o f feed ing the planet in the near future must also focused on the development of simple and cheap machines for developing countries in o r d e r t o i m p r o v e e ffi c i e n c y o f t h e agricultural systems, reduce malnutri�on and improve the economic
condi�ons of those countries.
Robot farming system in JapanNoboru Noguchi - Hokkaido University, Japan
Agriculture in developed countries after the Industrial Revolution has tended to favor increases in energy input through the use of larger tractors and increased chemical and fertilizer application. Although this agricultural technology has negative societal and environmental implications, it has supported food for rapidly increasing human population. In western countries, “sustainable agriculture” was developed to reduce the environmental impact of production agriculture. At the same time, the global agricultural workforce continues to shrink; each worker is responsible for greater areas of land. Simply continuing the current trend toward larger and heavier equipment is not the solution. A new mode of thought, a new agricultural technology is required for the future. Intelligent robotic tractors are one potential solution.
In Japan, the number of farmers is decreasing and aside from the fact the problem in aging farmers. In the near future, Japan farmers will decrease rapidly that will result to shortage in food production. That is why researchers in Japan are doing a research about robot farming system which is one of the possible solutions to solve the food shortage production.
This presentation will give the application of robot vehicles in agriculture using new technologies. The robot framing system will fully automate the farming from planting to harvesting until to the end user of the products. A robot tractor and a planting robot will be used to plant and seed the crops using navigation sensors. It includes a robot management system, a real-time monitoring system, a navigation system, and a safety system. In the robot farming system, the robot vehicles receive a command from the control center and send information data through a wireless LAN or packet communication. The robot vehicles such as a robot tractor and a robot combine harvester can perform its designated tasks and can work simultaneously with each other. The operator at the control center can analyze the data sent by the robot vehicles in a real-time basis and can immediately send the necessary information to the farmers,
retailers, and producer's cooperation, etc. Also, the operator can see the real-time status of the robot vehicles using a GIS while their performing its task.
29
31
Agricultural mechanizationin PeruBy Shimon Horovitz / Agronomist
An experience to make your soil preparation in a short and in an efficient way:
I am an Israeli Agronomist and spent a year in Peru and wish to elaborate here the idea I implemented there.It is an idea I know from Israel but I did try to show it in in Peru in 2006 and 2007 where I was a consultant to a company selling seeds of Israeli Co�on to farmers and later helping them with loans and advice. Small holders: The farmers in Peru are small holder farmers. They have a 2 ha Farm usually. I met few farmers with 10 or 20 ha farm, Very Few farms had 50 ha and more than that. I saw 3 farms of 500 ha in the north of Peru.
Soil:Soil is a saline soil as it is a desert area, pH is usually above 7.8.
Water:The irriga�on is mainly by flood, the water comes from a reservoir, when the lever of the reservoir is down then water for the fields are stopped un�l lever of the reservoir is back to a minimum. That is leaving the farmers some�mes without water for 30 days.
Lack of machinery: The small farmer can hire machinery
from a government office at the edge of the
town
they live nearby. The machinery is simple containing some disc plows disc harrows and soil levelers.
History: Part of the problem of the machinery started a�er in 1968, when Peru took (na�onalized) the big farms from the owners and gave 2 ha to every man in Peru.
Costs of the machinery:When I asked about their ability to Use a Sub-soiler or a rooter they said “it i s t o o c o s t l y ” ! Later they told me the cost is high for one �me and they u s u a l l y d o i t 2 �mes, (once across the other) T h e m t h e y men�on there is an e x t r a o b s t a c l e here; as the soil is so� it consumes more water then what they can afford, as the water is counted per season.
Background: I arrived to the idea that if I wish to help them I need to have a “sub-soiler that can ridge at the same �me, in this way
you make the ridges exactly on top of the path
that the sub soiler did. This way you have the soil s o � e x a c t l y u n d e r t h e place of the plants in the future. You do not need to sub soil all the field, (and not under the tractor’s wheel place). You want the soil to be so� and easy to enter by the roots only where they are,
which is under the top of the ridge.
I made some more research speaking to f a r m e r s a n d A g r o n o m i s t s t o understand be�er:As farmers tend to save on soil prepara�on, most of the farmers do not prepare the soil in the best way, most of t h e m i r r i g a t e b e f o r e t h e s o i l prepara�on as the soil is hard and very
dry a�er the former crop, the soil
Picture show two implements in Peru first on the left is the leveler and in the back theDisc Harrow. A tractor can pull these two at one go to the field on roads.
prepara�on rou�ne contain :It is a known rou�ne to do: irrigate before all ac�vi�es. a) Ploughb) Disc Harrowc) LevelingAs a “three passes basic rou�ne”. But I guess some of the farmers do only part of this list:a) Part of them will use a plough.b) They all use a “Disc Harrow” in their fields.c) Some or most of them will use a soil leveler, as most of them use flood irriga�on and it is recommended. Farmers of Co�on today were rice growers yesterday.Irriga�ng the field is in a method which is known for rice, in flooding method. With high borders so water will remain inside the irrigated field. They do their prac�ce in a short �me as not to lose too much of the humidity for the seeds to germinate, subsequence - they will make a ditch in the soil so the seeds will find some humidity.In the south of Peru I saw this done by planter: some�mes the ditch is made by animal. The fields I saw (most of them) were not planted nice and the crop was not evenly germinated, such a field can’t be sustainable. The poor performance is part of lack of knowhow and bad prac�ces.If you use be�er prac�ces you can reach a be�er start: In contrast here is a field I managed the soil prepara�on; you may see that the crop looks good and homorganic. Here we made ridges and irrigated them and later we disked harrowed the field one �me and use planter that placed the seeds on the flat soil but exactly where the center of the ridge used to be so the soil is very humid.
Explana�on:The ridge gets
dry but the center of the ridge, further into it is s�ll humid, so the idea of the ridge is to help us keep part of the ridge wet for longer �me and s�ll be higher and further from the “hard-pan”.
The base of my idea is “Make ridges before irriga�on”.
The second commandment I say is use “fixed tracks”. Meaning try keep the crop on the same track all the years. Keep the place that the tractor compacted to be again the path where the tractor will go again. The place where the tractor compacted once is not fer�le as the other area where it was not compacted. The soil
that was alive one year will remain alive next year. The soil
unde
r the tractor’s wheel is “dead” (kind of).As an example of the idea – in the picture we s e e t w o t r a c t o r s working one behind the other, the first one i s ca r r y i n g a s u b -spoiler and the second is carrying a ridger, but this is with 2 tractors, while my idea was to p u t 2 i m p l e m e n t s t o g e t h e r o n o n e tractor on one frame. To use the idea to the maximum I made an implement:T h e i m p l e m e n t I
promoted in Peru is coming to do the job in one path, use sub soiler and use ridges and use “fixed tracks”.Here in the picture is the implement I made and promoted between the farmers I met. The next picture show an implement which was “downsized” so a smaller tractor can do the job.
The tractor is making ridges in a field one next to the other. Only a�er comple�on I will irrigate this field. I add a drawing here to show the idea once more:
The bed should be a bit higher from the rest of the area, so water can go to the low area and leave the plant to aerate its roots and get more air. You can leave the bed in the same place next your or next season, this is the main idea of “fixed-tracks”.
I am adding here few more diagrams in order to make myself clearer of the idea:
The way I show is to plant on the ridge and not in the furrow. When soil had become dry and no rain will come then we cut and throw the dry soil from the top to the furrow, then we see the center humid soil of the center of the ridge and plant there. ( it may become a flat field now but the seeds are placed in a humid zone.)
33
Irrigation was with flood methods that make the crop suffer some days from overwatering and sometime too long intervals. The picture shows a field being irrigated byflood irrigation.
Part of the people make a furrow like seen in the picture with a mule or a horse andlater put the seeds by people into the furrow where it is a bit more humid.
You can see the borders of the fields is a ridge of soil to border the water not to go to another field in the flood irriga�on.The seeds are placed low and too close to the “hard pan”. This means the roots
will not develop nicely as they can’t grow deep as the hard pan will not let roots go deep. When roots are shallow the ability of the co�on plants (or others) will suffer when water is too much as water are put a lot as there is
no assurance when the farmer will get his next irriga�on. As some �me the interval between 2 irriga�ons may reach to 25 of more days which is a bit too much so the plants will shade the flowers and buds, and the yield will be low.
Downsizing:The implement we made started the job with a 240 hp tractor but soon later
the tractor had to go to other jobs. In order to adopt the implement to a smaller tractor, we down sized the �nes so a 115 hp tractor will be able to do the job. There was a �me we used the idea on 2
tractors going exactly one a�er the other, The first tractor went ahead with a sub-soiler and the second one came right behide in its footprint and made the ridges.
34
Here in the picture is the implement I made andpromoted between the farmers I met.
The next picture show an implement which was“downsized” so a smaller tractor can do the job.
Looking from the back at the “subsoiller – ridger “ implement Looking from the other side at the smaller “subsoiller–ridger implement”
Farm of the futureGiuseppe Gavioli – CNH
The evolution of the farms in the next 30 years will be impressive. There are several external drivers that will have a very strong influence on the farm of the future such as: the increase of food demand for growing world population and for growing individual food consumption, the need to increase productivity and efficiency of production on current crop land and to cultivate new land, the availability of new technologies for farm tools, the pervasive presence of information and data. The farming activities will also have to be increasingly sustainable for the environment. Farmers will interact more and more with global crop and food markets, which will increasingly drive farm medium to long term strategy, while they will be strengthening links and connections with local farm communities and groups, leveraging on local and regional networks for energy production and sharing, logistic optimization, information and services.
Farm of the futureGiuseppe Gavioli – CNH
The evolution of the farms in the next 30 years will be impressive. There are several external drivers that will have a very strong influence on the farm of the future such as: the increase of food demand for growing world population and for growing individual food consumption, the need to increase productivity and efficiency of production on current crop land and to cultivate new land, the availability of new technologies for farm tools, the pervasive presence of information and data. The farming activities will also have to be increasingly sustainable for the environment. Farmers will interact more and more with global crop and food markets, which will increasingly drive farm medium to long term strategy, while they will be strengthening links and connections with local farm communities and groups, leveraging on local and regional networks for energy production and sharing, logistic optimization, information and services.
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The content of this catalogue is only giving information to the end user without engagement from our side.
The Company can modify the specifications of the total machine & its components without notice.
Tractor Power
Overall Width
Tillage Width
Gear Box Speed
Side Transmission
P.T.O. Speed (RPM)
Rotor Speed (RPM)
No. of Blades
Gear Box
Overload Protection
30 to 35 H.P.
150 cm
120 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
36
Shear Bolt
35 to 45 H.P.
180 cm
150 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
42
Shear Bolt
45 to 55 H.P.
205 cm
175 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
48
Shear Bolt
55 to 70 H.P.
230 cm
200 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
54
Shear Bolt
70 to 75 H.P.
255 cm
225 cm
Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
60
Shear Bolt
GI - 120 GI - 150 GI - 175 GI - 200 GI - 225
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vf/kd̀ r foØsrk %
Rotor Speed (RPM) for Multi Speed Gearbox
160
16 17 18 19 2015 20 19 18 17 16 15 13 22
180 200 225 252 282 232
Tractor PTO 540 (RPM) 1000 (RPM)
vf/kd̀ r foØsrk %
GOBIND
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( A Unit of Gobind Alloys Limited ) An ISO 9001:2008 Company
+91-7705900901, 903, 904, 906, 923
9415049542, 941504862, 9415049543
Gobind�Industries( A Unit of Gobind Alloys Limited )
An ISO 9001 : 2008 CompanyDasharabagh, Haidergarh Road, Barabanki (U.P.)
Sugarcane Cotton Banana Corn Stalks Wet & Dry Field
ADVANTAGE: Gobind Rotavator is better than other agricultural equipments to prepare the soil in just
one or two times of cultivation, and also it save the 40% diesel and 60% time.
Traditional method takes minimum 10-15 days to prepare seed bed where as by Gobind Rotavator soil is immediately available for sowing.
Gobind Rotavator can immediately prepare the soil moisture of previous crop does not go waste, thus helps water management.
Cultivation of soil can be done immediately after the rain because it is the ideal use for Rotavator, it also push the tractor forward in soil.
Gobind Rotavator is beneficial for the land of reaped sugarcane, bananas, jute, dried grass and other corps.
SALIENT�FEATURES: Gear Box: Heavy duty export quality gear box, and it have longer service life.
Box Frame: It have heavy duty square pipe and made up from heavy plates.
Trailing Board: It have automatic spring which helps in to have a quality cultivation of soil, and its pressure balance the wet soil .
P.T.O. Shaft:- Water proof cross with protection guard.
It have double spring multi lip oil seal.
Tiller Blades : Blades made up from advanced imported parts which easily cultivate the soil without heavy load and also helps in smooth running.
Side Transmission: Side gears made out of best quality steel & properly heat treated technology which gives the regular functioning with longer life.
For Dealership and Distributorship Enquiry :
Lalit Sachedva
+91 9643040547
The content of this catalogue is only giving information to the end user without engagement from our side.
The Company can modify the specifications of the total machine & its components without notice.
Tractor Power
Overall Width
Tillage Width
Gear Box Speed
Side Transmission
P.T.O. Speed (RPM)
Rotor Speed (RPM)
No. of Blades
Gear Box
Overload Protection
30 to 35 H.P.
150 cm
120 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
36
Shear Bolt
35 to 45 H.P.
180 cm
150 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
42
Shear Bolt
45 to 55 H.P.
205 cm
175 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
48
Shear Bolt
55 to 70 H.P.
230 cm
200 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
54
Shear Bolt
70 to 75 H.P.
255 cm
225 cm
Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
60
Shear Bolt
GI - 120 GI - 150 GI - 175 GI - 200 GI - 225
TECHNICAL�SPECIFICATION
Rotor Speed (RPM) for Multi Speed Gearbox
160
16 17 18 19 2015 20 19 18 17 16 15 13 22
180 200 225 252 282 232
Tractor PTO 540 (RPM) 1000 (RPM)
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OIL FILLED
GEARDRIVE
!
WARNING
Check oil level before
using machine tighten
all bolts everyday
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46
MUMBAI: Mahindra & Mahindra
(M&M) on Thursday signed a
definitive agreement to acquire
33 per cent in Mitsubishi
Agricultural Machinery Co (MAM)
for $25 million or Rs 160 crore.
The world's largest tractor
maker by volumes will gain a
significant voting stake
in the subsidiary of
M i t s u b i s h i H e a v y
Industries through
fresh issue of common
shares and Class A
(nonvoting) shares of
M i t s u b i s h i A g r i
Machinery. The deal is
t o b e c l o s e d b y
October 1, with funds infused by
Mahindra going into expanding
the capital base of the Japanese
company.
The acquisition will help the
Mahindras work closely to devise
an appropriate product portfolio
strategy for the overseas
markets. Apart from penetrating
deeper into the US market, this
tie-up will help M&M reach out
more effectively to markets of
China, South East Asia and
eastern Europe.
It will also provide a platform for
both to leverage technology and
p r oduc t deve l opmen t
synergies. Both
part
ners will work towards common
s o u r c i n g t o b r i n g d o w n
expenditure.
The Mahindras have an old
association with Mitsubishi
Agricultural Machinery. The
latter has been supplying
tractors to M&M's US subsidiary,
in addition to sharing technical
license for walk-behind rice
trans-planters and a tractor.
" F r o m a b u y e r - s e l l e r
relationship, we now have a
deeper bond with MAM. It will
help in leveraging our future in
markets like the US," Pawan
Goenka, executive director of
M&M, told ET.
M i t s u b i s h i A g r i c u l t u r a l
Machinery had revenues of $408
million in 2014-15 and with
M&M's equity infusion; it will
mostly be debt free. MAM makes
losses at the net level, but a
higher capacity utilization of
the plant will help the company
m a k e i t p r o fi t a b l e . T h e
Japanese firm has a roster base
of 1,700 employees.
Goenka said the company needs
to get a better balance in terms
of its volumes spread, with 90
per cent of its business coming
from India. Acquisition of stake
will help it increase its presence
in overseas markets.
Goenka also pointed out that
despite being the
largest selling tractor
company in the world;
M&M was at number 5
in terms of revenues. A
p u s h o n f a r m
machinery business
globally is the key to
climb up the revenue
ladder.
"Tractors only make up for one
third of global farm machinery
business while implements and
machineries like rice-planters
make for a big business. In case
of Mahindra, almost 95 per cent
of business comes from selling
tractors. With this tie-up with
Mitsubishi, we would like correct
that position by focusing more on
farm mechanization," he said.
Mahindra is also likely to launch
a lighter tractor in India with the
help of Mitsubishi next year,
which will help the company
cater to a 20,000 units per
annum market for orchards.
47
M&M to acquire 33% stake in Mitsubishi Agricultural Machinery
Company for Rs 159.24 crore
NEWS
COIMBATORE: To give school
students a true experience of
what an average farmer has to go
through daily, Tractor and Farm
Equipment Ltd today launched
its 'Be a FarmDost' initiative
here, providing them with kits
containing seeds and other
material like an institutional
manual.
The initiative was aimed to
celebrate the farmer and bring
back the farming community
into the social consciousness and
to encourage students to
understand the importance of
farmers, Sunitha Subramanyam,
Senior Deputy General Manager,
Corporate Communications, said
at the launch at National Model
Higher School, here.
Through this initiative, the
company wanted to reach
20,000 school children in
Coimbatore by distributing
FarmDost kits, which contain
seeds, a packet of cocopeat, a
f r i endsh ip ag reement , a
f a r m d o s t s t i c k e r , a n
institutional manual, besides
letters to them and their
parents, requesting child's
involvement in this, she said.
Once students participate by
cultivating seeds from the
kit,they are expected to click
pictures of the farming process
regularly and post it on FarmDost
website, Sunitha said.
The pictures will later be
promoted as Be a #FarmDost
Page-Facebook. Com/foremost
and the top three students from
each city will be awarded Best
#FarmDost student award, she
said.
After covering the initiative in
Coimbatore, Madurai and Trichu,
it would be held in Chennai
schools, somewhere in mid of
August and awarding ceremony
will be held during September.
Another award 'Thank You
Farmers Student' award will
encourage students to meet,
interact and thank farmers in an
innovative way, Sunitha said.
32
Tractor and Farm Equipment Ltd launches 'Be a FarmDost' initiative to
recognize farmers
NEWS
The New Holland BC5000 small
square baler was rewarded at
the 7th edition of the “National
A g r i c u l t u r a l M a c h i n e r y
Consumer Satisfying Brand”
Award. This is the second
consecutive time that the high
qua l i t y o f New Ho l land ' s
products is recognized with this
important national
award bestowed by
the Farm Machinery
magazine.
Farm Machinery was
founded in 1958 and
is one of the first
a g r i c u l t u r a l
machinery journals in
C h i n a , w i t h t h e
largest circulation in
t h e a g r i c u l t u r e
b u s i n e s s . T h e
m a g a z i n e i s
s upe r v i s ed b y t he Ch i na
Machinery Industry Federation
(CMIF) and has a wide-ranging
influence in the agricultural
machinery field, also among the
users.
New Holland is the hay tools
l e a d e r
For generations, New Holland
has set the gold standard for
h a y m a k i n g . I n f a c t , i t s
reputation for innovation and
quality began with the
small square
b a l e r, a m a c h i n e t h a t
revolutionized hay and straw
harvesting, putting New Holland
on the map as the haymaking
specialist. Today, New Holland's
small square baler is not only a
well-known product worldwide,
but also a “best seller” in the
Chinese market. There have
been more New Holland small
square balers sold than any
other brands. With more than
700,000 balers sold until today,
N e w H o l l a n d h a s b e e n
recognized as the leader in
balers with a well-earned
r e p u t a t i o n f o r q u a l i t y,
reliability and engineering
excellence.
Reliable and hard-working,
now even more productive
Contractors and operators who
custom bale, are big fans of New
Holland square balers. In fact,
New Holland bales are the only
choice for hand
feeding because they quickly
s e p a r a t e i n t o fl a k e s .
Professionals put their trust in
BC5000 model balers because
they make consistently dense,
well-shaped bales that are easy
to handle.
In the latest generation of balers
New Holland has introduced
f u r t h e r
improvements to the
BC5000 Series to
make them more
convenient and even
more durable. New
i m p r o v e m e n t s
include reinforced
tension rail anchor
support, convex slide
block for longer wear
a n d i m p r o v e d
p l u n g e r
performance, and
h a y d o g s p r i n g m o u n t
reinforcement for improved
durability.
Adding more convenience also
improves productivity. That is
why the BC5000 model balers
have been conceived with a flip-
up shield over the main gearbox,
a redesigned knotter gear drive,
an easier access to the plunger
bearing and cam for inspection
and adjustment, new hydraulic
hose storage slots in the power
pivot shield, together with new
optional halogen work lights and
a roading light kit.
49
New Holland Agriculture Wins “National Agricultural Machinery
Consumer Satisfying Brand” Award in China
NEWS
SuperSweep™ pickup saves
v a l u a b l e c r o p
All BC5000 balers feature the wide
SuperSweep pickup to get every bit
of the crop. Wider pickups and
attention to every detail — down to
the curve of the tines — make the
difference in productivity at the
front end of these machines.
BC5000 balers equipped with
SuperSweep pick up extra crop that
conventional pickups miss. With the
BC5000, users can bale about 8,000-
10,000 bundles of hay every 20
hours , which means h igher
p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d h i g h e r
performance efficiency.
BC5000 balers have been widely
appreciated by the Chinese market
not only for the variety of tools and
the wider adaptability, but also for
the level of service provided by
New Holland's dealer network,
which supports its customers at
every step with the equipment,
after-sales service, parts supply,
and other services they require.
New Holland full liner and leading
hay and forage equipment
m a n u f a c t u r e r
New Holland offers a full line of
agricultural machinery and is a
leading manufacturer of hay and
forage equipment in China with a
wide offering that includes round
and large balers, windrowers, bale
wagons, mower conditioners, rakes
a n d s e l f - p r o p e l l e d f o r a g e
harvesters.
50
AGCO and Precision Planting Agree to Bring Precision Planting
Technology to White Planters
NEWS
A G C O C o r p . ( N Y S E : A G C O ) ,
announced its latest investment
and development in planting. AGCO
entered into an agreement with
Precision Planting, an affiliate and
business of The Climate Corp. that
introduces factory integration of
s e l e c t P r e c i s i o n P l a n t i n g
technology to AGCO's White
Planters line. New options will soon
be available to give customers
improved performance and the
ability to utilize new and emerging
technologies.
Continuing with AGCO's Fuse
Technologies approach to open
architecture, the agreement also
enables farmers to integrate their
on-farm data into The Climate
Corp.'s digital agriculture platform.
This data connection enhances
farmers' ability to seamlessly and
easily collect data in one place and
gain personalized insights through
digital tools to help them make
more informed decisions about
their operations.
"We work closely with growers,
designers and partners to develop
what farmers want and need in a
planter," says John Menssen,
marketing manager for seeding and
tillage at AGCO. "The addition of
Precision Planting technology will
give farmers new options in today's
planting environment."
AGCO will be announcing new
options and models of its White
Planters line in the coming months
that will include technologies
made available from Precision
Planting. "Our White Planters line is
known for achieving great planting
accuracy," asserts Menssen. "Our
focus is to continue to achieve that
high level of accuracy while giving
farmers expanded access to the
l a t e s t i n t o p - p e r f o r m i n g
technologies, pract ices and
p r o d u c t s . " " T h r o u g h t h i s
agreement, we're pleased to
provide farmers with two ways to
improve operations," said Mike
S te rn , p re s i den t and ch ie f
operating officer at The Climate
Corp. "We're making it easy for
farmers to access the latest
Precision Planting technology on
AGCO planters to enhance planting
performance, and we're enabling
them to seamlessly integrate on-
farm data into their Climate
accounts to help them make more
informed decisions about their
operations." "This development
between AGCO and Precision
Planting is one element of AGCO's
global strategy to bring innovative
and open solutions to AGCO
customers and dealers," according
to Eric Hansotia, AGCO's senior vice
president of Global Crop Cycle,
Advanced Technology Solutions and
Dealer Tech Support.
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