Achievements and ongoing work on biopesticides at ICIPE—Some examples and lessons learnt

Jean Nguya K. Maniania, Sevgan Subramanian and Sunday Ekesi

Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014

Presentation outline

Arthropods: challenges to food security and development

Control strategies

Microbial insecticide initiatives in Africa

Microbial biopesticides registered in Kenya

Biopesticides development at icipe

Partnership with private sector

Challenges

SWOT analysis

Acknowledgements

Arthropod pests: challenges to food security and development

Thrips: F. occidentalis, T. tabaci, M. sdojesti

Fruitflies: Ceratitis capitata, C. cosyra, Bactrocera dorsalis

Termites: Macrotermes, Microtermes, Odontotermes

Spider mites: Tetranychus evansi, T. urticae

Cassava green mite: Mononychellus tanajoa

Diamondback moth: Plutella xylostella

African bollworm: Helicoverpa armigera

African armyworm: Spodoptea exempta

Desert and migratory locust: Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria capito

Arthropod pests: challenges to food security and development (Cont.)

Disease vectors: challenges to food security and development

Tsetse flies

Mosquitoes

Ticks

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

53 57 65 67 68 74 78 80 81 82 83 85 86 88

Year

No

. p

esti

cid

es

DBM resistance to pesticides (Georghiou, 1991)

Export restriction due to MRLs

Chemical residues

Control strategies

Drawbacks

Resistance to synthetic chemical pesticides

Toxicity to users, consumers and non-target organisms

Chemical residues

Export restriction

Insect pathogens: alternatives!

Virus Bacillus thuringiensis

Nematode Fungi

Protozoa

Microbial initiatives in Africa

Pathogen Host insect Crop/habitat Country

Beauveria bassiana

AcrididsChilo partellus

Cereals, vegetalsMaize

Cape Verde, Mali Kenya

B. brongniartii Cockchafer Sugarcane Reunion

Metarhizium sp.

Acridids Cereals, vegetation W. Africa, Sudan, S. Africa

Tsetse Vegetation Kenya

Termites Maize, trees Kenya, Benin, Uganda

Thrips Horticulture, cowpea, onion

Kenya, Benin, Zimbabwe

Fruit flies Mango Kenya

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)

Agrotis ipsilon, Chrysodeixes chalcites, Heliothis armigera,Spodoptera exempta

Cotton, sorghum, tomato

Cereals

Egypt, ZimbabweUganda, Botswana

Kenya, Tanzania

Cherry and Gwynn (2007)

Microbial initiatives in Africa (Cont’d)

Pathogen Host insect Crop/habitat Country

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)

Agrotis ipsilon, Chrysodeixes chalcites, Heliothis armigera,Spodoptera exempta

Cotton, sorghum, tomato

Cereals

Egypt, ZimbabweUganda, Botswana

Kenya, Tanzania

Granulovirus (GV) Potato mothPlutella xylostellaSesamia calamistis

PotatoBrassicaMaize

Egypt, TunisiaKenyaBenin

Oryctes Virus Oryctes monoceros

Coconut Tanzania

Bacillus thuringiensis

S. exemptaFilthflies

CerealsLatrines

KenyaKenya, Somali, Ethiopia

Cherry and Gwynn (2007)

Why????

Despite technically successful projects, microbial insecticides have ever made it to the market place in Africa.

There are only two products which are commercially available:

■ Beauveria bassiana (BroBand); Bacillus thuringiensis (BeTa Pro), Paecilomyces lilacinus (PL Gold), Trichoderma fertile (TrichoPlus) (Becker Underwood, South Africa)

■ Granulovirus (Cryptogran®), River BioScience (Pty), South Africa

■ Metarhizium acridum (Green Muscle)

■ Metarhizium anisopliae isolates and Nuclear Polyhedro virus recently have recently been registered by The Real IPM and Kenya Biologics.

Active Substance Product Name Target(s) Manufacturer/RegistrantBacillus Thuringiensis var. Kurstaki (Btk)

BIOLEP WP Wettable Powder

Thrips & African bollworm on French beans.

Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki Strain

DIPEL DF Dry Flowable H. armigera, and Spodoptera exigua) and leaf rollers on Carnations and Roses.

Valent Biosciences Corporation.U.S.A.

Paecilomyces lilacinus BIO-NEMATON 1.15% WP Wettable Powder

Root knot, cyst and burrowing nematodes in Roses; and for the control of root knot nematodes in tomatoes and French beans.

T. Stanes and Company Limited India

Bacillus thuringiensis var: aizawai sero H7

BACIGUARD 16 WDG Water dispersible

Caterpillars on Roses Hubei Kangxin Agroindustry Co Ltd

Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis 5-8%

BACTICIDE WP Wettable Powder

Biolarvicide to control mosquito larvae in breeding sites.

Biotech International Ltd.

Bacillus Thuringiensis var. Kurstaki (Btk) 9 x

BIOLEP WP Wettable Powder

thrips & African bollworm on French beans.

Biotech International Ltd., India.

Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki Strain ABTS-351, 54%

DIPEL DF Dry Flowable

H. armigera, Spodoptera exigua) and leaf rollers on Carnations and Roses.

Valent Biosciences Corporation.U.S.A.

Microbial biopesticides registered in Kenya

Pest Control Products Board, 2014

Active Substance Product Name Target(s) Manufacturer/Registrant

Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA 1.15%w/w

BIO-POWER 1.15WP Wettable Powder

Aphids & DBM on cabbages T. Stanes and Company Ltd

Beauveria bassiana strain GHA 11.3% w/

BOTANIGARD ES Emulsifiable suspension

Thrips, aphids and whiteflies) on French beans and snow peas.

Laverlam International

Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 78 ACHIEVE

Aqueous solution

Spider mites Real IPM Company (K) Ltd, Thika

Trichoderma asperellum REAL Trichoderma Granule Nematicide for the control of Root knot nematodes (Melogyne spp) in French beans

Real IPM Company (K) Ltd, Thika

Bacillus subtilis BS-01 1x1010

REAL BACILLUS SUBTILIS fungicide for the control of Powdery Mildew on Roses.

Real IPM Company (K) Ltd, Thika

Helicoverpa armigera SNPV 8% w/w 2x99 polyhedra

HELITEC SC Suspension Concentrate

H. armigera on Tomatoes. Kenya Biologics Ltd.

Microbial biopesticides registered in Kenya (Cont’d)

Pest Control Products Board, 2014

Biopesticides development at icipe: facts

From the lab to the field

0 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT0

5

10

15

20

25

Control Metarhizium Insecticide

No.

thr

ips/

20 c

uttin

gs

0 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT0

5

10

15

20

25

Control Metarhizium Insecticide

No.

thr

ips/

20 c

uttin

gs

Efficacy of three applications of M. anisopliae ICIPE 69 and insecticide on the no. of Frankliniella occidentalis /20 cuttings on chrysanthemum in screenhouse

AdultsLarvae

Maniania et al. (2001) Mycopathologia )

1 week 2 weeks 3 weeks 4 weeks 5 weeks0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10Con 1

Con 2

Con 3

Fun 1

Fun 2

Acar

Week after treatment

Nu

mb

er o

f m

ites

/cm

2

Efficacy of ICIPE 78 on T. urticae on bean leaves

Con 1=untreated control; Con 2= water + Silwet-L77; Con 3: water + Oil + Silwet-L77; Fun 1= fungus in water; Fun2= fungus in emulsifiable formulation; Acar=acaricide (abamectin).

Bugeme et al. (2014), Insect Science

Participatory suppression trials with mango growers at Nthagaiya (Kenya)

M. anisopliae ICIPE 69: component of fruit fly IPM

01.1

1.11

08.1

1.11

15.1

1.11

22.1

1.11

29.1

1.11

06.1

2.11

13.1

2.11

20.1

2.11

27.1

2.11

03.0

1.12

10.0

1.12

17.0

1.12

24.0

1.12

31.0

1.12

07.0

2.12

14.0

2.12

21.0

2.12

02468

101214161820

Mazoferm+Biopesticide Mazoferm

Biopesticide Control

Fli

es/t

rap

/day

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1.8

3.74.1

8.8

Fli

es/t

rap

/day

Maz+Biop Maz Biop Control

Treatments evaluated1. Mazoferm+biopesticide2. Mazoferm alone3. Biopesticide alone4. Control

Average catches over season

Ekesi et al. (2011), BCST

Intervention impact - fruit infestation

Mazoferm + Biopesticide

Mazoferm Biopesticide Control0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Fru

it in

fes

ted

(%

)

Ekesi et al. (2011), BCST

Establishment of Pilot Commercial Processing Plant For Food Bait Production for the Management of Fruit Flies in Kenya

■ Under registration ■ Registered

Partnership with private sector

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe)

icipe’s Duduville Headquarters

Partnership with private sector

Funding: short-life funded projects

catering only for isolation, screening

and field trials.

Lack of commitment from the industry

to take over the development of

microbial products.

Target crops and farmers:

■ Low-value of the crops such as maize, cassava, millet, etc.

■ Resource poor farmers who cannot afford to purchase the

product.

Lack of awareness on the existence

of microbial insecticides.

Government extensionists not

trained in microbial pesticide use but

training and experience with

chemical insecticides.

Expectations of chemical-like action.

Lack of availability of microbial

insecticides.

Constraints Education

Challenges and opportunities

Lack of biopesticide regulatory framework.

Biopesticide registration is submitted to the same regulation as chemical

pesticides.

Registration by country may represent a big constraint to microbial

insecticides development. by country may represent a big constraint to

microbial insecticides development.

Regulation

Challenges and opportunities

Regulations governing biopesticide use

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis (SWOT)

Environmentally benin

Safe to non-target organisms

Compatible with IPM

Generally slow to develop

resistance

Strengths

Global demand for chemical-free

products

Insecticide resistance management

Local production/small companies

IPM programmes

Large diversity of biocontrol agents

Opportunities

Treatment No. coccinelid beetles

Pre-spray Post-spray

Control 2.3 3.5

Metarhizium 2.3 3.5

Insecticide 3.8 0

Maniania et al. (2003), Crop Prot.

Gelernter et al. (1999), IPM Review

Slow speed of kill

Short persistence

Highly specific

High cost

Small market

Some must be produced in vivo

Weaknesses

Increased regulation

New chemicals

Expectations of chemical-like action.

Non availability to users

Threats

Gelernter et al. (1999), IPM Review

Diachasmimorpha longicaudata

Addressing issues of high costs and persistence

Autodissemination devices: Use of host chemical characteristics to disseminate entomopathogens by attracting them to a device

Acknowledgements

Dr. P. Nana

Dr. F. Nchu

Dr. S. Niassy

Dr. S. Dimbi

Dr. V. Wekesa

Mr. D. Mfuti

Prof. D. Bugeme

Thanks