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II International Workshop on Challenges and Trends on Broadband Wireless Mobile Access Networks Beyond LTE-A Alberto Boaventura 2014-11-06 4G & Beyond Changes and Challenges

4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

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II International Workshop on Challenges and Trends on Broadband Wireless Mobile Access Networks – Beyond LTE-A

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Page 1: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

II International Workshop on Challenges and Trends on Broadband Wireless Mobile

Access Networks – Beyond LTE-A

Alberto Boaventura

2014-11-06

4G & Beyond Changes and Challenges

Page 2: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Changes and …

Source: Ericsson 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1000

1800

Voice

Data

Tota

l (U

L+D

L) t

raff

ic (

Pe

taB

yte

s)

Source: Cisco VNI 2012

12

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

6

Mobile File Sharing

Mobile M2M

Mobile Web/Data

Mobile Video

Exab

yte

s p

er

mo

nth

In 2016, Social Newtorking will be second highest penetrated consumer mobile service

with 2, 4 billion users – 53% of consumer mobile users - Cisco 2012

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014*

MBB DevelopingMBB DevelopedFBB DevelopingFBB Developed

Wo

rld

Bro

adb

and

Su

bsc

rip

tio

ns

(Bill

ion

s)

Source: ITU/ICT/MIS 2014

132 89 113 147

117 161 146 103

181 170 149 151

110 59 66 43

540 min 479 min 474 min 444 min

Indonesia China Brazil USA

TV Laptop+PC Smartphone Tablet

Source: KPCB & Milward Brown 2014 Dai

ly D

istr

. Of

Scre

en

Min

ute

s

13 kbps 50 kbps

125

kbps

200

kbps

684

kbps

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Source: Cisco VNI (2010/2011/2012/2013)

242%

2009 ‘10 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18

10

6

LTE UMTS/HSPA GSM;EDGE TD-SCDMA CDMA Other

Wo

rld

Mo

bile

Su

b. (

Bill

ion

s)

Source: Ericsson 2012

Lati

n A

me

rica

Ave

rage

Th

rou

ghp

ut

VIDEO BECOMES SOCIAL … DATA BECOMES VIDEO … MOBILE BECOMES DATA … TELECOM BECOMES MOBILE …

On the market demand in dense urban areas during

business hours, it has been calculated that 800

Mbps/km2 are required (BuNGee and Artists4G Projects).

The Convention Industry Council Manual guidelines

recommend 10 square feet per person. It represents 1

Million persons per km2. If all persons upload video with

64 kbps, it represents 64 Gbps/km2!

Whatsapp: Over 50bn messages every day.

Facebook: 1 billion of active users and a half of them use mobile access (488 million users) regularly.

Twitter: 50% users are using the social network via mobile.

YouTube: more than ¼ of users use in Mobile Device

Instagram: The average Instagram mobile user spent two times comparing tp Twitter.

… VIDEO, SOCIAL, CLOUD & GAMES BECOME CROWD DENSITY TRAFFIC. INTERNET OF EVERYTHING

By the end of 2014, the number of mobile-connected

devices will exceed the number of people on earth, and

by 2018 there will be nearly 1.4 mobile devices per

capita. There will be over 10 billion mobile-connected

devices by 2018, including machine-to-machine (M2M)

modules—exceeding the world’s population at that time

(7.6 billion) – CISCO VNI 2014

Page 3: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

LTE Advanced

ITU-R M.2034 Spectral Efficiency

DL 15 bits/Hz UL 6.75 bits/Hz

Latency User Plane < 10 ms Control Plane < 100 ms

Bandwidth ITU-R M.2034 40 MHz ITU-R M.1645 100 MHz

ADVANCED

Coverage C

apac

ity

SmallCells

High order MIMO Carrier Aggregation

Hetnet/CoMP

LTE

LTE –A

3GPP TR 36.913

3GPP Release 8

3GPP Release 10

RELEASE 8/9 RELEASE 10/11 RELEASE 12/13

20 MHz OFDM SC-FDMA DL 4x4 MIMO SON, HeNB

Carrier Aggregation UL 4x4 MIMO DL/UL CoMP HetNet (x4.33) MU-MIMO (x1.14)

Small Cells Enh. CoMP Enh. FD-MIMO (x3.53) DiverseTraffic Support

LTE Roadmap

Carrier Aggregation Intra & Inter Band

Band X

Band y

Multihop Relay

Multihop Relay

Smallcells Heterogeneous Network

Colaboration MIMO (CoMP) e HetNet

High Order DL-MIMO & Advanced UL-MIMO

C-plane (RRC)

Phantom Celll

Macro Cell F1

F2

F2>F1

U-plane

D2D

New Architecture

Page 4: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

METIS PROJECT PREMISES (SOURCE: ETSI/ERICSSON) METIS: 29 PARTNERS

5G Vision and Timeframe

ITU-R´s docs paving way to 5G:

IMT.VISION (Deadline July 2015) - Title: “Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond”

Objective: Defining the framework and overall objectives of IMT for 2020 and beyond to drive the future developments for IMT

IMT.FUTURE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS (Deadline Oct. 2014)

To provide a view of future IMT technology aspects 2015-2020 and beyond and to provide information on trends of future IMT technology aspects

EU (Nov 2012)

China (Fev2013)

Korea (Jun 2013)

Japão (Out 2013)

2020 and Beyond Adhoc

Exploratory Research Pre-standardization Standardization activities Trials and Commercialization

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

WRC15 WRC12 WRC19

Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society

Page 5: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

5G Potential Technologies

1=0º

1=45º

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180

...

p1

p2

pN

Native M2M support A massive number of connected devices

with low throughput; Low latency Low power and battery consumption

hnm

h21

h12

h11

Higher MIMO order: 8X8 or more System capacity increases in fucntion of

number of antennas

Spatial-temporal modulation schemes SINR optimization Beamforming

Enables systems that illuminate and at the same time provide broadband wireless data connectivity

Transmitters: Uses off-the-shelf white light emitting diodes (LEDs) used for solid-state lighting (SSL);

Receivers: Off-the-shelf p-intrinsic-n (PIN) photodiodes (PDs) or aval anche photo-diodes (APDs)

C-plane (RRC)

Phantom Celll

Macro Cell

F1 F2

F2>F1

U-plane

D2D

Phantom Cell based architecture Control Plane uses macro network User Plane is Device to Device (D2D) in

another frequency such as mm-Wave and high order modulation (256 QAM).

Net

Radio

Core

Cache

Access Network Caching Network Virtualization Function Cloud-RAN Dynamic and Elastic Network

Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) : Potential extension to OFDM ;

Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC): Access sporadic, short bursts, increased robustness, support QAM symbols and minimization problems offset; sustainability fragmented spectra.

High modulation constellation

MASSIVE MIMO SPATIAL MODULATION COGITIVE RADIO NETWORKS VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

DEVICE-CENTRIC ARCHITECTURE NATIVE SUPPORT FOR M2M CLOUD NETWORK & CACHE NEW MODULATION SCHEME

5G Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for Asynchronous Signalling (5GNOW)

New protocol for shared spectrum rational use

Mitigate and avoid interference by surrounding radio environment and regulate its transmission accordingly.

In interference-free CR networks, CR users are allowed to borrow spectrum resources only when licensed users do not use them.

Page 6: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

... Challenges

ITU-R M.2078 projection for the global spectrum requirements in order to accomplish the IMT-2000

future development, IMT-Advanced, in 2020.

531 MHz 749 MHz

971 MHz

749 MHz

557 MHz 723 MHz

997 MHz

723 MHz

587 MHz 693 MHz

1027 MHz

693 MHz

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

MORE SPECTRUM NEW TECHNOLOGY & INFRASTRUCTURE SPLIT CELL & SITE DENSIFICIATION

𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ≤ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑺𝑰𝑵𝑹

Smallcells

Heterogeneous Network

hnm

h21

h12

h11

Mobile operation needs spectrum below 6 GHz,

but there is no enough around world.

Interference with exiting services: cleanup cost,

interference mitigation

High spectrum cost: The average license cost in

new spectrum auctions ranges around 100-700

million of Reais per 10 MHz FDD block

Spectrum Refarming

Spectral Efficiency

New infrastructure investment

Technology life cycle and adoption

Market Scale

New site legal barriers

Tax barriers

New site investment

Interference control and mitigation

Backhaul capillarity

Carrier Aggregation

High Order MIMO

Cell Site Densification

Page 7: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Spectrum Challenges

Page 8: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Spectrum Requirement

Spectrum Requirements per Operator (Rysavy Research – February 2010):

The expectation is to be needed over than 200 MHz per operator in 2016.

Band UL (MHz)

DL (MHz)

Width (*) WRC 3GPP (LTE) Anatel

450 MHz 451-457 461-468 14 MHz 2007 Band 31 Res 558/2010

700 MHz 703-748 758-803 90 MHz 2007 Band 28 Res 625/2013

850 MHz 824 - 849 869 - 894 50 MHz 2000 Band 5 Res 454/2006

900 MHz 898,5 - 901; 943,5 - 946

907,5 - 915; 952,5 - 960

10 MHz 2000 Band 8 Res 454/2006

1800 MHz 1.710-1785 1805-1880 150 MHz 1992/ 2000

Band 3 Res 454/2006

2100 MHz 1920-1975 2110-2165 110 MHz 2000 Band 1 Res 454/2006

2600 MHz 2500-2570 2620-2690 140 MHz 2007 Band 7 Res 544/2010

3500 MHz 3400-3600 (TDD) 200 MHz 2007 Band 42 Res 537/2010

Brazil: 330 MHz (Res 454/2006) , 204 MHz (Res 544/2010)., and 80 MHz (Res 625/2013)

But due CAP constraint, only 140-160 MHz per operator is allowed.

Spectrum Aggregation

Sensing and Cognitive radio technologies for spectrum sharing

Offloading with fallback techniques to exclusive global bands, e.g. for mobility/roaming.

ITU-R forecasts a need of 1280 to 1720 MHz in the medium term for IMT (before 2020)

Global IMT spectrum of 715 MHz currently available, plus <300 MHz on a regional basis

WRC’12 confirmed the intention to allocate more spectrum to IMT in the 700 MHz band (~90 MHz)

FCC: Make 500 MHz of spectrum newly available for broadband within 10 years

European Comm.: 1200 MHz (incl. exist. 625 MHz) to be allocated to mobile broadband by 2015

Need to consider shared spectrum: Unlicensed spectrum, unlicensed secondary usage or Licensed Secondary Access (LSA) e.g. in TV white space,

WORLD SPECTRUM FORECAST SPECTRUM PER OPERATOR SPECTRUM IN BRAZIL

LICENSED SPECTRUM NEW SPECTRUM NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT

ITU-R M.2078 projection for the global spectrum requirements in order to accomplish the IMT-2000

future development, IMT-Advanced, in 2020.

531 MHz 749 MHz

971 MHz

749 MHz

557 MHz 723 MHz

997 MHz

723 MHz

587 MHz 693 MHz

1027 MHz

693 MHz

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

Page 9: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Spectrum Management

Frequency under 1 GHz has a good Indoor

propagation. But lack bandwidth for

capturing mobile broadband traffic.

90 MHz 150 MHz

200 MHz

13 GHz

700 MHz 1800 MHz 3500 MHz mmWave

INDOOR TRAFFIC INDOOR LOST PERFORMANCE

39%

32%

14%

4%

11%

In Car

At Home

At Work

Travelling

Others

0 bps/Hz

4 bps/Hz

8 bps/Hz

12 bps/Hz

-130 dBm -110 dBm -90 dBm

3GPP (LTE) Shannon

Outdoor Indoor

-50%

50% of voice traffic and 80% of data traffic are

performed in indoor environment;

Building Penetration Loss varies around 10-20 dB,

that reduces at minimum of 50% overall performance

of outdoor macro sites;

SPECTRUM DILEMMA: COVERAGE VS CAPACITY

Better propagation

Ban

dw

idth

Voice Originating Call Amount of Bandwidth

REFARMING

F1 F2

Scenario 1

Same coverage F1 = F2

Scenario 2

F2 has smaller coverage F2> F1

Scenario 4

F2 Is used to hot spots F2>F1

LOW DENSITY TRAFFIC & SPECTRUM

0,058

0,121

0,684

450 MHz

700 MHz

1800 MHz

DUAL LAYER & CARRIER AGGREGATION

The high cost of spectrum and the consolidation of

mobile broadband with the decline and migration of

legacy voice services on 2G to 3G in the coming

years, raises the possibility of immediate use

bands of GSM as the 1800 MHz for LTE. Different azimuth F1 = F2 or F1 F2

Scenario 3

Bands below 1 GHz, such as 700 MHz are applicable for low

density traffic, like: M2M; product in initial lifecycle;

suburban and rural areas;

When traffic is becoming more density, there is no difference

between high and low spectrum band

Current 1800 MHz used for GSM/GPRS

Carving for LTE utilization

BCCH MA LIST BCCH MA LIST

BCCH MA LIST BCCH MA LISTLTE

Page 10: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

New Technology & Infrastructure

Challenges

Page 11: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Equation:

Data

Voice 2G (GSM, GPRS, EDGE)

3G (UMTS, HSPA+)

900 MHz (B8)

1800 MHz (B3)

2100 MHz (B1)

850 MHz (B5)

The Mobile Operation Planning involves the assessment of the complex equation:

Service (demand characteristics for voice and data) vs Technology (2G, 3G and 4G or otherwise) vs Spectrum

(900, 1800, 2100, 2600 MHz or otherwise), where should seek cost optimization not only present but future

disruptive scenario with lack of fundamental resource: spectrum.

Service Technology Spectrum

2600 MHz (B7)

700 MHz (B28)

450 MHz (B31)

4G (LTE)

CDMA/TDMA

Technology Life Cycle Ecosystem

Total Cost Ownership Customer Experience

Terminal Penetration & Cost Capacity&Spectral Efficiency

Service Support Level of Terminal Subsidy

License & Network Cost License Obligation

Ecosystem Bandwidth Limitation Coverage & Capacity

Interference Level of Terminal Subsidy

Constrains &

Decision Criteria

Page 12: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Planning Framework

Data Voice

2G 3G 4G (LTE)

900 MHz 1800 MHz 2100 MHz 2600 MHz

Other

Data Voice

2G 3G 4G (LTE)

900 MHz 1800 MHz 2100 MHz 2600 MHz

VISION DEFINITION FRAMEWORK DEFINITION

• Service characteristics requirements, traffic requirements

Demand Analysis

• Network service assessment, Capacity evaluation, System growth opportunity, Split cell vs interference, Spectrum availability, License obligation, New technologies

System Analysis

• Technology life cycle, Ecosystem analysis, Spectral efficiency

Technology Analysis

• Scenario options, Total Cost Analysis, Spectrum availability, License obligation,

Scenario Analysis

Network Planning

Demand

Voice & Data

𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝑪𝟏 𝒊

(𝟏 + 𝑲)𝒊−𝑿, ⋯ ,

𝑻𝑪𝑵 𝒊

(𝟏 + 𝑲)𝒊−𝑿

𝑵

𝒊=𝑿

𝑵

𝒊=𝑿

⇒ 𝐓𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐒𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐨

Scenario 1

Scenario N

...

New Frequency New Technology New Site

Long term scenario

Required for service and technology evolution

Required for long term spectrum management

Service and Strategic Needs

Plan Acquire Maintain Renew/ Dispose

Page 13: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

System Capacity & Cost

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

200kHz

25 TRX

3,84MHz

1 WCDMA Carrier

r

R

D

i j

i

j D

r

R

D

i

j

i

jD

Codec FR D = 4 / Sector = 3

Reuse = 4 x 3 #Ckt/Sector= 2x7=14

Codec AMR 12.2 127 Walsh Codes

Reuse = 1 %SHO=20%

#Ckt/Sector = 64

24 Erl/BTS 160 Erl/NodeB

r

R

D

i

j

i

jD

PRBs

...

7 S

ymb

ols

12 subcarriers

25 Resource Blocks

700 Erl/eNB Codec AMR 12.2

25 PRBs - 300 REs 200 -250 users/ Sector

2G (GSM) 3G (UMTS/HSPA) LTE

Sysm Capacity & Spectral Efficiency (Voice Capacity @ 5 MHz)

NEW CELL SITE CAPEX SPECTRUM COST NETWORK COST

25% 45% 50%

52% 38% 35%

23% 17% 15%

Rooftop 30m Tower 50m Tower

Infra BTS Transport

Source: Planning Area, Oi, 2012

New Cell Site represents a huge impact in Wireless Operation total cost.

System capacity (Spectral Efficiency) in single site is the most important attribute.

The 2G spectrum consumption is faster than 3G as voice traffic increases. Spectrum is a lack and valuable resource. 10 MHz can cost

500-1 Billion of Reais.

0 MHz

10 MHz

20 MHz

30 MHz

10 Erl/BTS 50 Erl/BTS 90 Erl/BTS 130 Erl/BTS

2G

3G

+14 MHz

Cost Perspective

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

0,0 kErl 2,0 kErl 4,0 kErl 6,0 kErl

2G (4/4/4)

3G (1/1/1)

3X

The cost per Erl to support voice on 3G is invariably cheaper than 2G .

6 kErl (~ 300k users), is 3 x the cost 2G.

LTE Access Network is 7-10 times cheaper than 3G per Mbps.

Page 14: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Customer Experience & Technology Lifecycle

0 Mbps

2 Mbps

4 Mbps

6 Mbps

2009201020112012201320142015

América Latina

America do Norte

Europa Ocidental

Brazil

It is expected that the average grows exponentially. In Brazil, the growth is

82% year-on-year by 2015 according to Cisco

APPS & MARKET TRENDS

QoE is the main motivation of churn and it will remain a key challenge for mobile operators and may in fact rise as the

wireless value chain becomes increasingly decentralized.

ITU-T Rec. P.10/G.100: The overall acceptability of an application or service, as perceived subjectively by the end-user.

QOE DEFINITION

Req. SLA QoS

QoE SLA KQI KPI

t t+ t- throughput

u(t)

u(t+)

u(t-)

u”(t) <0

Utility=QoE

Utility function perfectly captures user satisfaction in terms of what they are

willing to expect and pay.

UTILITY FUNCTION VS QOE

Users have more sensibility when lose than when win.

Competitive Pressure

Delighted

Extremely Dissatisfied

Fully Functional Dysfunctional

Attractive

Time Expected

KANO´S MODEL

Customer satisfaction has a positive correlation with how the product is functional. I.e., dysfunctional => bad experience; functional => Delighted

Customer Experience

Technology Lifecycle

2013 2019E CAGR

2013-2019

Worldwide mobile subscriptions* 6,700 9,300 6%

– Smartphone subscriptions 1,900 5,600 20%

– Mobile PC, tablet &modem r subs 300 750 15%

– Mobile broadband subscriptions 2,100 800 25%

– Mobile subscriptions, GSM/EDGE- 4,300 1,200 -20%

– Mobile subscriptions, UMTS/HSPA 1,600 4,800 20%

– Mobile subscriptions, LTE 175 2,600 55%

Source: Ercisson Mobility Report 2013

SUBSCRIPTIONS RATE & FORECAST ASSET MANAGEMENT

Network Planning

Demand

Voice & Data

Scenario A Expand with

existing technology

Scenario B Start to change to a

new technology

Scen. A Scen. B

Year X

Ecosystem Cost

Spectrum Cost

𝑻𝑪𝑨 𝑻𝑪𝑩

Choosen Scenario must be which will

minimize VP of TCO.

LIFECYCLE & TERMINAL SUBSIDY

Utility Budget Restriction

LTE

HSP

A+

𝑴𝑹𝑺 =

𝝏𝑼𝝏𝑳𝑻𝑬𝝏𝑼

𝝏𝑯𝑺𝑷𝑨 +

𝒑𝑳𝑻𝑬𝒑𝑯𝑺𝑷𝑨+

≤ 𝑴𝑹𝑺

Utility Function

Budget Restriction

Subsidy level can minimize the TCO and it must be calculated as a function of how user is willing to pay

for more throughput (Utility Function) and cost of spectrum and network (Asset Management)

Page 15: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Split Cell and Site Densification

Challenges

Page 16: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Handling High Density Traffic

2013 2014 2015 2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

0,0 Mbps/km2

500,0 Mbps/km2

1000,0 Mbps/km2

1500,0 Mbps/km2

2000,0 Mbps/km2

0,250 km0,350 km0,450 km0,550 km

DOWNTOWN: HIGH DENSITY TRAFFIC

Coverage Radius

Capacity 2015

Capacity 2016

Capacity 2017

A +63%

C

D

+61%

+54%

B

Green line represents the system capacity density.

The capacity associated to coverage grid can capture the demand from 2013 till 2014 – Point A;

However, for 2015 it is needed to increase 63% the number of sites, changing the exiting grid – Point B;

In 2016 and 2017, they require more 61% and 54% more sites respectivelly;

In that time, SmallCells are more appropriated infrastructure to save CapEx and OpEx;

TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES AND TOTAL COST OPERATION

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

1 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 9 x2600 MHz (10) +1800 MHz (5) +1800 MHz (10) SmallCell

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Notes: 2600 MHz (10) : Basic Scenario; +1800 MHz (5): Additional 5 MHz using 1800 MHz in Basic Scenario coverage; +1800 (10): Same as above, but using 10 MHz; SmallCell: SmallCell using 2600 MHz with 10 MHz for bandwidth;

TIMES BASIC SCENARIO COVERAGE CAPACITY

TCO

A B C

Indifference between Macro

1800 & 2600 MHz

Macro LTE 1800 MHz for

coverage

Dual layer Macro LTE 1800

& 2600 MHz

181 265 890

SmallCell 2600 MHz

𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔

𝒌𝒎𝟐

Page 17: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

New Architecture: Cloud RAN

Fronthaul Interface Hardware

Backplane

Backhaul Interface Hardware

Hardware Poll

Virtualization Layer (Ex.: Hypervisor/VMM)

VM BBU 1 VM BBU N Core

Network

Cache & Local

Breakout ...

O&

M/C

on

tro

l/O

rch

es

tra

tor

Fronthaul: CPRI, OBSAI, ETSI ORI

Internet

RRU/ RRH

Radio Unit

Network Datacenter

Only Radio Unit

Backhaul IP

RRU/ RRH

Backhaul

Core Network

BBU BBU BBU

Internet

RRU/ RRH

RRU/ RRH

GbE

Existing Deployed Topology

Fronthaul

Internet

V-BBUs V-Core

RRU/ RRH

RRU/ RRH

RRU/ RRH

CPRI/ OBSAI

Cloud RAN Topology

DEPLOYMENT PARADIGM CHANGE

PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES

ARCHITECTURE

Network Function Virtualization

Elastic & liquid Resources

Operational Flexibility

Reduces space and power consumption

Reduces CapEx, OpEx and delivery time

Software Defined Network

Creates an abstraction layer for: controlling; faster development ; system service orchestration and overall system evolution;

Open Development Interface

Creates an open environment for new development;

Catalyzes new SON & interference mitigation functionalities support;

Page 18: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Site aquisition: Given the limitation on the scope of the small cell, you have to know exactly where the traffic is generated and get the rights to install that exact spot.

New types of leases should be developed. The expectation for the installation of Small

scale is Cells that are an order of magnitude greater than the macro cells .

Visual Polution: Due a number of SmallCells, the shape and format may impact in acceptance to install in building and public facilities.

Small cell radius of coverage is reduced compared to macro, it is necessary to locate accurately the traffic sources;

The installation of small cell (site acquisition) occurs with small error regarding the location planned.

Heterogeneous RF planning requires how traffic will be handled by each layer.

For maximum result from the limited range making the reuse of the spectrum.

Reuse requires a plan of distribution of the cells very well done.

IP Access (MPLS-TP, Metro Eth, MDU) , Giga-Ether over 150 Mbps per BTS

Required necessarily optical fiber, but Radio NLOS can be alternative for higher capillarity

New synchronism support (IEEE 1588, SyncE) e-ICIC requires synchronism deviation around

1.5 s. For CoMP, Latency must be below 1 ms New interface other than IP: CPRI

Backhaul & Fronthaul

Pain Points

Downlink: Terminal camped on in macro is interfered by a small cell. And terminal served by a small cell to connect the edge of cell will be interfered by the macro cell.

Uplink : one terminal connected in macro and close to the cell border creates strong interference in a small cell next. And large number of connected terminals in small cells generate uplink interference in the macro cell.

They both are addressed with sofisticated mechanisms like ICIC, e-ICIC, Fe-ICIC, and CoMP

Interference Mitigation

Mobility device in idle state impacts the relative load between layers and battery consumption and frequency of handovers.

Increase in handovers due to the small size of the cells increases the risk of dropped calls (Dropped Call Rate),

Devices in connected state may need to HO to a small cell and, if they are on different frequencies, will need efficient scheme discovery of small cell that minimizes the impact on battery consumption.

Traffic/Capacity balancing with several resources and frequencies

Mobility Management

Planning Deployment and Rollout

The range in the number of radio stations in the layer of Small Cells should be an order of magnitude larger than the current one.

The way to optimize and operate should fit depending less manual intervention. Resources SON (Self Organizing Networks) will be important to maintain a good performance.

Service Availability: Internal battery must be required for accomplishing service SLA requirements.

The licensing cost (TFI/TFF) was a recent issue but still exist for SmallCells with higher power

Operational

Page 19: 4G & Beyond – Changes and Challenges

Alberto Boaventura [email protected] +55 21 98875 4998

THANKS!

OBRIGADO!