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3R Environmental considerations SUSWA K-Ex, Kajiado, 31 October 2012 Luuk Fleskens Water source site management Wider environmental management Resource use patterns Diversification of sources and uses
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3R Environmental considerations
SUSWA K-Ex, Kajiado, 31 October 2012Luuk Fleskens
- Water source site management- Wider environmental management- Resource use patterns- Diversification of sources and uses
Protection of water infrastructure
What do you see? What impacts can it have? What can be done?
...3R examples?
Wider environmental management
What do you see? What impacts can it have? What can be done?
CASH INCOME FROM FIREWOOD AND CHARCOAL
(percent of total income)
> 20
10 - 20
5 - 10
0 - 5
No cash income from charcoal and firewood
OTHER FEATURES
District boundaries
Major national parks and reserves (over 5,000 ha)
Water bodies
Cash Income from Firewood Collection and Charcoal Making, 2003-05
Source: ALRMP et al. 2006
Banks et al., 1996. Wood supply and demand around two rural settlements in a semi-arid savanna, South Africa. Biomass and Bioenergy 11: 319-331
Transect5 x 45 m
Zone
Settlement
Use of firewood (500kg cap/year)Use of wood in buildings and fences(6,000kg per household)Annual incrementGrowth of populations (people and livestock)
Use of firewood (500kg cap/year)Use of wood in buildings and fences(6,000kg per household)Annual incrementGrowth of populations (people and livestock)
Firewood collection
Field surveys of biomass of savannas
• Savanna = open vegetation with mix of trees, shrubs and grass
• A biomass survey could look at each component
Can you think of some characteristics of savannas that pose opportunities or threats to field biomass surveys?
NB there are also remote sensing methodsNB there are also remote sensing methods
Vegetationcomposition(dominance of) the herbaceouslayer
Relation between grazing intensity, rainfall and vegetation composition (catastrophic shift or tipping point) after M. Rietkerk.
Modelling study Central Kalahari Namibia MAP = 480mmLohmann et al. (2012) J. Appl. Ecology 49, 814–823.
...other wider environmental management effects?
Graz et al. (2012) Journal of Environmental Management 104 (2012) 186-194
Resource use patterns
Butt (2010) Land degradation and development
Observations Karoo, South Africa MAP = 200mmTodd (2006) J. Appl. Ecology 43, 293-304.
Exercise resource use patterns
1. What general adaptive management strategies can pastoralists use?
2. What examples of specific activities do Maasai have for each strategy?
3. Which of the strategies/activities would you classify as 3R?
What do you see? What impacts can it have? What can be done?
Diversification of uses and sources
Lessons from WASHEC? Diversification: where and how?
Assessment of 3R alternatives
Many 3R activities require investment (resources, time)
Those resources could have been used for other (more pressing) activities
Benefits occur mostly in the long run
Under these circumstances the important question is: is it worthwhile?
Use of discounting
Now?
Tomorrow!
Stakeholder accounts
Not all costs and benefits are borne by the same people
Carefully look at individual (group) perspectives
SUSWA project contributions
BUT for spontaneous adoption: financial analysis must take all costs and benefits into account
Return to labour is an important factor
Building an account
• Investment
• Maintenance
• Production
Compare ‘with’ with a without situation
Wrap up
Stakes in diversification (community / AMREF / WASH Alliance)?
Opportunities for experiential learning?
Having a first go at developing 3R for a practical case
3R = thinking in terms of environmental opportunities
Adapt and enjoy 3R